Joint Circular No. 13/TTLT stipulates the procedures for health examination, health check-up, health standards, and health assessment to implement the Law on Military Service Obligation.

CIRCULAR

JOINT MINISTRY OF HEALTH - NATIONAL DEFENSE

Regulations on health examination, health inspection, health standards, and health appraisal for the implementation of the Law on Military Service Obligation
REGULATIONS ON THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF HEALTH AUTHORITIES AT ALL LEVELS IN IMPLEMENTING THE LAW ON MILITARY SERVICE OBLIGATION

PART I

REGULATIONS ON THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF HEALTH AUTHORITIES AT ALL LEVELS IN IMPLEMENTING THE LAW ON MILITARY SERVICE OBLIGATION

The work of health examination, health inspection, and health appraisal for implementing the Law on Military Service Obligation is under the leadership and direct guidance of the Party's Central Committee and local authorities at all levels, with close coordination from relevant sectors.

I. GENERAL TASKS.

Health authorities at all levels are the main responsible bodies before the People's Council and the Military Service Obligation Council at their respective levels. They have the duty to manage, inspect, classify, and accurately conclude the health status of each citizen implementing the Law on Military Service Obligation.
Pursuant to Article 24 of the Law on Military Service Obligation, the following specific regulations are hereby stipulated:
- At commune level: The head of the commune health board is a member of the commune Military Service Obligation Council.
- At district level: The director or deputy director of the district health center is a member of the district Military Service Obligation Council.
- At provincial level: The director or deputy director of the provincial Department of Health is a member of the provincial Military Service Obligation Council.

II. SPECIFIC TASKS OF EACH LEVEL

1. Commune Health: (Communes and equivalent agencies: factories, schools, etc.)

1.1 Role:

- Plays a very important role in managing and accurately assessing the health status of citizens of military service age and reservists.

- Contributes to ensuring that the district health examination council concludes the health status of each citizen accurately according to the prescribed standards.

1.2 Specific Tasks:

1.2.1 Establish health records, manage, monitor, and provide preliminary classification of the health status of citizens of military service age and reservists. (When sending citizens for health examinations, they must carry these records for the health examination council to review).

1.2.2 Together with the commune military command, establish lists of citizens meeting health standards (quantity and quality) and organize their health examinations or inspections.

1.2.3 Participate in health examinations and inspections organized by the district. Provide necessary factors for the health inspection team and health examination council to conclude the health status of citizens within their commune.

1.2.4 Compile lists of citizens with health category 6, exempted from military service obligations, to be submitted to the commune Military Service Obligation Council and reported to the district health department.

1.2.5 Regularly summarize experiences regarding health management for reserve forces and health classification of citizens of military service age.

2. District Health:

2.1 Role: Plays a decisive role in classifying and concluding the health status of citizens implementing the Law on Military Service Obligation.

2.2 Specific Tasks:

2.2.1 Establish health forms for each citizen performing military service and reservists.

2.2.2 Implement the organization of health inspection teams and health examination councils according to the plan of the district Military Service Obligation Council.

- Compile lists of chairpersons, vice-chairpersons, and members of the health examination council, propose them to the district People's Council for approval and issuance of decisions (see Appendix 8), then report to the provincial Department of Health.

- Appoint doctors, medical officers, and healthcare staff with sufficient capabilities to participate in health inspection teams and district health examination councils.

- Organize professional training for healthcare staff involved in health examinations and inspections.

- Propose to the provincial Department of Health to request specialized teams to strengthen and ensure the quality of health examinations.

- Coordinate with related agencies (military affairs, police, culture, information, etc.) to ensure smooth health examinations.

2.2.3 Direct healthcare facilities under its jurisdiction to effectively participate in health inspections and examinations. Develop health examination plans (see Appendix 7).

2.2.4 Organize and direct preventive health care, treatment, and enhancement of health for citizens of military service age and reservists.

2.2.5 Participate with the district Military Service Obligation Council in reviewing lists of citizens exempted from military service due to health category 6.

2.2.6 Coordinate with the district military command to hand over conscripts to receiving units based on their health status, ensuring thoroughness, accuracy, and timeliness.

2.2.7 Prepare and settle funds, medicines, and supplies for the district's military service recruitment examination work.

2.2.8 Regularly summarize and draw lessons from health work serving health examinations, inspections, and appraisals for the implementation of the Law on Military Service Obligation. Submit reports to the provincial Department of Health according to the model (see Appendix 6).

3. Provincial Health:

3.1 Role: Provincial health serves as the direct organizing and directing body for health work supporting military service obligations in the province.

3.2 Specific Tasks:

3.2.1 Study, implement, and direct healthcare facilities under its jurisdiction to strictly follow directives, regulations of the Council of Ministers, guidelines of the Ministry of Health - Ministry of National Defense, and the provincial People's Council regarding health work supporting military service obligations.

3.2.2 Collaborate with the provincial military command to develop plans, direct, guide, assist district health departments, closely monitor health conditions; conduct health inspections, examinations, and appraisals for military service obligations. Direct health examination councils in districts within the province.

3.2.3 Dispatch specialized teams to reinforce health examination councils at lower levels upon request.

3.2.4 Distribute funds, medical equipment, medicines, statistical report models, basic military service health examination forms to districts. These funds are settled into the local budget.

3.2.5 Examine and resolve health-related complaints and grievances in military service work.

3.2.6 Collaborate with the provincial military command to coordinate health support with units receiving conscripts.

3.2.7 Regularly summarize and draw lessons from health work supporting military service obligations.

Submit reports to the Ministry of Health according to the model (see Appendix 6).

Chapter II

REGULATIONS ON THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MILITARY AUTHORITIES AT ALL LEVELS PARTICIPATING IN HEALTH EXAMINATIONS AND INSPECTIONS

Local People's Councils at all levels establish Military Service Obligation Councils at their respective levels to assist the Council in implementing military service obligations in their locality.

The military commander at each level is the Deputy Chairman of the Military Service Council at their own level. Health examination, health check-up, and health assessment work is under the leadership and direction of the Party Committee and the head of the military administration at each level, with the close cooperation of relevant agencies, to implement tasks, targets, and plans for the year as decided by the Council of Ministers.

I. MILITARY COMMAND OF THE COMMUNE

1. Together with the commune health sector, compile a list of citizens who may be called up for military service to prepare for health examinations, health checks, and citizens exempted from military service due to health reasons (type 6), to submit to the commune Military Service Council and report upwards according to regulations.

2. Organize for citizens who are ready for military service and reservists to undergo health examinations or health checks as stipulated.

3. Announce the results of health examinations based on the conclusions of the district health examination council. Collect opinions and concerns regarding health examinations and conclusions to report upwards.

II. MILITARY COMMAND OF THE DISTRICT

1. Together with the district health sector, plan health checks for citizens registering for military service at age seventeen and reservists, and conduct health examinations for citizens who may be called up for military service and those ready for military service according to the district Military Service Council's plan.

2. Urge citizens to undergo health examinations or health checks according to the district's plan.

3. Appoint personnel to participate in the health examination team or health check-up group to monitor the number of citizens from each locality undergoing examinations. Work together with the police to ensure safety in the health examination area.

4. Manage basic health records for military service and organize the handover of conscripts to receiving units in conjunction with the district health sector.

District Military Medical Service:

- Firmly grasp the annual recruitment plan, coordinate to oversee the organization and implementation of health checks conducted by local health authorities.

- Be thoroughly informed about the health status of citizens after examination, as concluded by the health examination council, to provide the Military Service Council with decisions on calling up citizens fit for military service.

- Work with medical personnel from receiving units to identify cases requiring further health checks before transferring conscripts to these units.

III. PROVINCIAL MILITARY COMMAND

The provincial military command coordinates with the Provincial Health Department to:

1. Direct the implementation of health services supporting the military service mission in the locality.

2. Organize inspections and urge military and health departments at the district level to carry out health checks, health examinations, and other health measures to support the military service mission.

3. Coordinate with receiving units regarding the number, time, location of handovers, and unify health standards with each unit.

Provincial Military Medical Service:

The Chief of Provincial Military Medical Service advises the provincial military command on health matters during recruitment, functioning as the deputy of the Provincial Military-Civilian Health Service. The Chief of Provincial Military Medical Service advises the Director of the Provincial Health Department on directing and coordinating the implementation of health examinations and managing the health of reservists.

IV. CHIEF OF MILITARY MEDICAL SERVICE OF THE MILITARY REGION

The Chief of Military Medical Service of the Military Region advises the Party Committee and the Regional Military Command on recruitment and management of reservists' health to meet wartime mobilization requirements. Simultaneously, he directs the provincial military medical services in conducting health examinations, health checks, and health assessments in accordance with the Law on Military Service.

V. TASKS OF THE MILITARY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT AND THE ORGANIZATION AND MOBILIZATION DEPARTMENT

1. Based on the number of conscripts in the year as decided by the Council of Ministers, the Military Medical Department and the Organization and Mobilization Department propose to the Ministry of National Defense on applying health standards and selecting up to which health category in the six-category health classification system.

2. The Military Medical Department guides and directs the military medical services of military regions, corps, branches, academies, schools... on health standards for recruitment to ensure uniform implementation.

3. Regularly organize mid-term and final reviews after each recruitment period.

Chapter III

REGULATIONS ON THE ORGANIZATION, TASKS, POWERS, AND WORKING METHODS OF THE HEALTH EXAMINATION COUNCIL AND THE MEDICAL ASSESSMENT COUNCIL AT EACH LEVEL IN IMPLEMENTING THE LAW ON MILITARY SERVICE

I. HEALTH EXAMINATION COUNCIL FOR MILITARY SERVICE

1. Organization and Tasks:

The health examination council is organized by the district health sector and has the task of conducting health examinations and concluding health statuses for citizens implementing the Law on Military Service.

Depending on the size of the area, the number of medical staff assigned, and the number of citizens needing examination, each district organizes one or two health examination councils.

The health examination council consists of five doctors: one chairman, one vice-chairman, and three members. The council elects three permanent members, including the chairman of the health examination council. Permanent members are responsible for signing the conclusion section of each basic military service health record. The health examination council is permitted to use additional medical staff to conduct health examinations. The list of the health examination council is proposed by the district health sector and appointed by the district chairman.

2. Tasks of the Chairman of the Health Examination Council:

2. 1. Directly organize and direct the implementation of health examinations and bear responsibility for the quality of examinations before the district Military Service Council.

2. 2. Organize training and learning sessions for all members of the health examination team on health standards, responsibilities, working methods, and implementation procedures before each recruitment period.

2. 3. Arrange examination rooms and assign examiners.

2. 4. Accurately classify and conclude the health status of each citizen examined and bear responsibility for health conclusions before the Law on Military Service.

2. 5. Organize consultations and issue referral letters for further medical examinations when necessary.

2. 6. Organize daily experience sharing and report to the district health center after each examination period.

3. Tasks of the Vice-Chairman of the Health Examination Council:

The Vice-Chairman acts as the Chairman in his absence. He assists the Chairman in the following tasks:

3. 1. Prepare necessary equipment and materials to ensure the operation of the health examination council.

3. 2. Forecast and settle expenses and consumable medicines with the district health sector.

3. 3. Directly conduct health examinations and participate in consultations when necessary.

3. 4. The organization shall register and store statistical documents according to the prescribed model and report to the district health center.

4. Duties of council members for health examinations:

4. 1. Directly conduct health examinations and participate in consultations when necessary.

4. 2. Be responsible for the quality of examinations and conclusions within their assigned scope.

5. Working procedures of the health examination council:

The health examination council is a non-professional organization (only convening when there is a task). The council operates under the principle of democratic centralism to ensure the quality of examinations. In cases where there is no consensus on diagnosis and classification of health status within the council, the chairman shall record the conclusion of the majority on the health form. Dissenting opinions must be fully recorded in the minutes and sent to the NVQS Health Council at the county level and seek the conclusion of the county-level (or provincial-level) Medical Appraisal Council. Each member of the health examination council must sign the minutes.

6. Operating expenses of the council (see Appendix 4)

II. HEALTH CHECK TEAM FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE AND SECURITY OBLIGATIONS (NVQS)

1. Organization and duties:

Health checks for citizens registering for NVQS (Article 20 of the Law on National Defense and Security Obligations) and reserve military personnel (Article 43) who are included in the mobilization plan and allocated to mobilization units are under the responsibility of the county health authority. The health check team (a part of the health examination council) is established by the county health department. Each team consists of five people including two doctors, two medical assistants, and one nurse. Health checks are conducted according to the plan of the county military authority, ensuring that all eligible individuals are examined once a year.

2. Content of health checks:

- Physical fitness assessment.

- Detection of diseases, recording them on each individual's health form for management purposes, and providing guidance on disease prevention and treatment.

- Preliminary classification of the health status of each citizen (including those ready for enlistment and reserve mobilization personnel).

- Preparing the NVQS health check form for citizens aged 17 and those undergoing their first health check.

3. Operating expenses of the health check team (see Appendix 5).

III. MEDICAL APPRAISAL COUNCIL

1. Duties: During the NVQS health examination period or upon urgent request, the Medical Appraisal Council is responsible for appraising the health status of citizens ready for enlistment as required by the NVQS Health Examination Council. This must be concluded accurately and promptly within seven to ten days.

2. Expenses: The operating expenses for the Medical Appraisal Council to serve the NVQS tasks of the locality are covered by the local budget.

Chapter IV

STANDARDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH STATUS IMPLEMENTING THE LAW ON NATIONAL DEFENSE AND SECURITY OBLIGATIONS

I. NVQS HEALTH FORM AND METHODS OF ESTABLISHMENT

1. Concept.

- The NVQS health form is a basic medical document to comprehensively understand the health status of citizens implementing the Law on National Defense and Security Obligations. It serves as the basis for the Health Examination Council to assess and classify health status for management purposes and to select citizens with sufficient health for service in regular forces, special military branches, military schools both domestically and internationally.

- The NVQS health form is represented by eight indicators reflecting the health status of a citizen.

(Appendix 2: regulations on the NVQS health form).

2. Methods of establishment.

2. 1. Indicators: During health examinations, to classify health based on eight indicators:

1/ General physical fitness: Code (abbreviation): T.L.C

2/ Eyes: - - : M

3/ Nose, throat: - - : TMH

4/ Teeth, jaw, face: - - : RHM

5/ Internal medicine: - - : NK

6/ Surgery: - - : NgK

7/ Neurology-psychiatry: - - : TK-TT

8/ Dermatology-allergy: - - : DL-HL

2. 2. Scoring method: For each indicator, after the examination, the doctor assigns an even point from 1 to 6.

- Point 1: indicates very good health condition.

- Point 2: indicates good health condition.

- Point 3: indicates fairly good health condition.

- Point 4: indicates average health condition.

- Point 5: indicates poor health condition.

- Point 6: indicates very poor health condition.

2. 3. Health classification method

Health classification is divided into six categories. Based on the points of the eight indicators, the classification is as follows:

- Category 1: All eight indicators on the health form score 1. This category can serve almost all military branches.

- Category 2: Only one indicator scores the lowest possible point of 2. This category can serve in many military branches.

- Category 3: Only one indicator scores the lowest possible point of 3. This category can serve in some military branches.

- Category 4: Only one indicator scores the lowest possible point of 4. This category can serve in limited military branches.

- Category 5: Only one indicator scores the lowest possible point of 5. This category can perform certain administrative tasks during general mobilization.

- Category 6: Only one indicator scores the lowest possible point of 6. This category is exempt from all NVQS obligations.

2. 4. Some important notes:

+ When an indicator scores 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 but the condition may change, improve, worsen over time, or recover spontaneously or after treatment, the score should be accompanied by the letter "T" (meaning temporary). In cases where "T" is attached, the doctor must briefly record the reason in Vietnamese (the name of the disease can be written in international terms between parentheses).

If it is still uncertain whether to score immediately, the Health Examination Council may refer the citizen to the nearest hospital for further examination to determine the condition.

If a conclusion cannot be reached, the citizen should be referred to the nearest specialized hospital for emergency and health appraisal examination. The maximum time allowed is seven to ten days. This should only be done in truly necessary cases.

+ When concluding the health status, the conclusion must be based on the points of the indicators. If an indicator has a score with the letter "T", then the health conclusion also includes the letter "T".

3. Review cases where the health form has the letter "T".

3. 1. Receiving unit: The responsibility of the head of the receiving unit and the medical personnel of the receiving unit is as follows: if a new recruit arrives at the unit and there is a "T" mark on their health record for conscription service, the medical personnel must conduct a treatment session or send the recruit to a hospital for treatment if necessary. After one month, a recheck should be conducted. If the illness has healed, the "T" mark should be removed or the health category changed. If it does not improve or shows signs of progression, a health assessment should be conducted. When assessing, if it is determined that they do not meet the criteria for regular military service, they should be returned to their place of origin.

Note: Do not allow military personnel with health status marked "T" on their health record to remain for more than six months.

3. 2. Responsibilities of military hospitals:

During the implementation of conscription service and training of new recruits at training centers, if military personnel who have been admitted to military hospitals are found to have illnesses that cannot be cured or improved, a timely health assessment should be conducted. If they do not meet the health standards within one month after enlistment, they should be recommended to return to their place of origin. After one month, they should be discharged early.

The results of the health assessment shall be recorded in the health assessment report according to the model prescribed by the Military Health Department (three copies shall be made, one copy sent to the Military Health Department, one copy sent to the unit of the military personnel, and one copy retained by the Health Assessment Board).

4. Special health standards for certain military branches:

4. 1. Definition: Special health standards for recruiting into certain military branches, academies, and military schools are the minimum health conditions required to be selected for those military branches, academies, and military schools.

4. 2. Health standards for certain special military branches: see Appendix 3.

4. 3. In cases where certain military branches, academies, and military schools do not have special health standards, the general annual recruitment health standards shall temporarily apply.

II. LIST OF DISEASES CLASSIFIED AS HEALTH CATEGORY 6 (FULL EXEMPTION FROM CONSCRIPTION SERVICE)

(COMPLETE EXEMPTION FROM CONSCRIPTION SERVICE)

At the commune health level: preliminary classification of citizens' health through observation and local health management. Cases that can easily be classified as health category 6 (completely exempt from conscription service, not accepted into regular military service) should be listed and reported to the commune conscription board and then reported to the district according to regulations. However, these individuals will not be issued orders to go for health examination or health check-ups at the district level.

1. Occasional seizures.

2. Mental disorders: madness, loss of mind, insanity (mental disorders that may have been treated multiple times without recovery).

3. Long-term edema (due to diseases such as heart failure, nephritis, kidney atrophy, chronic renal failure...).

4. Elephantiasis (due to filariasis), unable to work.

5. Deformed or disabled limbs, lost function due to all causes.

6. Active tuberculosis of bones and joints, lymph nodes.

7. Unstable leprosy (with ulcers, warts, amputated fingers or toes).

8. Congenital speech impediment or lisping.

9. Congenital deafness.

10. Blindness or partial blindness.

11. Persistent tremors in hands and feet, difficulty walking, unable to work (such as Parkinson's disease) or abnormal movements like chorea or athetosis.

12. Paralysis of one side of the body or both lower limbs.

13. Severely emaciated, weak, debilitated body, difficult to recover due to chronic diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, chronic bronchitis with permanent disability complications or emphysema, cirrhosis.

14. Chronic torticollis, clearly evident for many years.

15. Excessively short stature (height under 140 cm standing).

16. Spinal deformities with scoliosis due to tuberculosis sequelae, old injuries causing spinal damage.

17. Congenital ptosis.

18. Cleft lip with uncorrected palate fissure.

19. Nasal polyps (Ozène) with speech disorders.

20. Joint diseases with muscle atrophy, stiff joints.

III. HEALTH CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND DISEASES.

Health classification is based on physical fitness and diseases standards (see Appendix 1).

Chapter V

REGULATIONS FOR CITIZENS COMING FOR HEALTH EXAMINATIONS AND HEALTH CHECK-UPS.

Citizens coming for health examinations and health check-ups must strictly comply with the following procedures:

1. They must have been registered for conscription service and introduced by the local military authority.

2. Must present:

- A call-up notice for health examination or health check-up issued by the county military commander.

- Identity card or military identification card.

3. Bring along medical records, treatment records, test results, functional diagnosis reports, specialist examination reports, X-rays, etc., to hand over to the Health Examination Board or the Health Check-up Team currently performing the task (only valid for reference if they are original documents).

4. Strictly adhere to the rules of the health examination area.

Chapter VI

REGULATIONS ON HANDOVER AND ACCEPTANCE OF CITIZENS FROM HEALTH STANDARDS INTO REGULAR MILITARY SERVICE AND MANAGEMENT OF RESERVE MILITARY HEALTH.

I. HANDOVER AND ACCEPTANCE OF ENLISTED CITIZENS

The handover and acceptance of enlisted citizens regarding health are regulated as follows:

1. Before issuing the call-up order for enlistment, the county health department must complete the list of eligible citizens and finalize the conscription health record (after health examination and conclusion by the Health Examination Board).

2. The handover of health status of enlisted citizens is handled by the county health department. The receiving party is the medical personnel of units receiving new recruits from battalion level and above. This process must be carried out thoroughly and in accordance with the specified health standards.

3. Medical personnel of the receiving unit must be present at the place of handover 20 days before the handover date to review and examine health files (the number of health files of eligible citizens received from local health authorities for review and study should not exceed 120% of the planned intake). If there are any health-related issues, discussions with the county health department should be held to take necessary measures including joint consultations between military and civilian medical personnel or organizing a re-examination by a medical board to reassess health status. In case of disagreement, the Provincial Conscription Board must be informed. The Medical Assessment Board must organize a health assessment and conclusion within five days from the date of receipt of the report. During this period, the health care of the citizen in question shall be managed by the local health authority.

4. Within one month from the date of receiving the new recruits at the local level, the medical personnel of the receiving unit have the duty to inform the local health authority about:

- The number of citizens meeting the specified health standards.

- The number of citizens who do not meet the health standards as prescribed and need to be returned to their place of origin (due to errors in the initial medical examination that failed to detect illnesses or due to new illnesses arising during the training of new recruits). Returning citizens who do not meet health standards to their place of origin must be concluded by the head of military medicine at the regiment level or higher, and approved by the direct superior. If there are any doubts, they must be sent for review by a higher-level medical board, then reported to the higher-level military medicine authority (vertically to the Military Medicine Bureau).

The return of citizens to their place of origin must be done accurately, quickly, and promptly.

5. Local health services and military medical units receiving recruits must thoroughly study and fully understand the prescribed health standards. The responsibility for the health of citizens when handed over to units lies with local health services. However, military medical units receiving recruits may organize re-examinations of certain suspected cases in specific specialties... without being overly extensive.

II. MANAGEMENT OF RESERVE MILITARY HEALTH AND HANDOVER WHEN THERE IS A CALL-UP ORDER

1. All military personnel before returning to their place of origin (discharge, retirement, transfer...) must undergo thorough health examinations and classification. Upon returning to their place of origin, they must submit one copy of their military personnel health file to the county military office.

2. Reservists included in the annual call-up plan are subject to a health check once a year. Those reservists who still meet the health standards will remain in the units already assigned. If they do not meet the health standards, the county health service will consult with the management unit, remove them from the roster, and replace them with other reservists.

3. During annual reviews of reservists, in addition to monitoring other indicators, the call-up unit must have specialized staff closely monitor the health status of reservists.

4. When there is a call-up order, the locality has the responsibility to hand over all health records of reservists to the call-up unit for management.

Chapter VII

IMPLEMENTATION PROVISIONS OF THIS CIRCULAR

1. This Circular takes effect from October 25, 1992. Previous regulations contrary to this Circular are abolished.

2. The Ministry of National Defense will issue detailed standards for recruiting and admitting students into officer schools, military universities, academies, and training institutions according to the prescribed health classification (six types). Any changes each year will be supplemented in a timely manner.

3. The Ministry of Health and the Ministry of National Defense will organize training and widely disseminate this Circular to relevant localities, agencies, and units (both within and outside the military) directly involved in implementing the Law on Military Service.

4. After each call-up of citizens for military service, provincial health departments will report to the Ministry of Health, military units will report up through their respective levels to the Ministry of National Defense, and military medicine will report vertically to the Military Medicine Bureau regarding the implementation of this Circular (according to the prescribed form, see the annex section).

5. Localities, organizations, agencies, and units that implement this well will be commended by the State (Article 11). Collectives and individuals who deliberately violate it will be dealt with according to the provisions (Article 69 of the Law on Military Service).

6. This Circular has eight annexes attached. All annexes have legal force.

(The annex section has been printed as a book)