Consolidated Document number 35/VBHN-BNNMT stipulates measures for preventing and controlling animal diseases, including avian influenza.

CIRCULAR

Provisions on Prevention and Control of Terrestrial Animal Diseases

Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016, issued by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development on prevention and control of terrestrial animal diseases took effect from July 15, 2016, and was amended and supplemented by:

1. Circular No. 24/2019/TT-BNNPTNT dated December 24, 2019, issued by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development to amend and supplement certain articles of Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016, issued by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development on prevention and control of terrestrial animal diseases, which took effect from February 7, 2020.

2. Circular No. 09/2021/TT-BNNPTNT dated August 12, 2021, issued by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development to amend and supplement certain articles of Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016, issued by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development on prevention and control of terrestrial animal diseases, which took effect from September 27, 2021.

3. Circular No. 09/2025/TT-BNNMT dated June 19, 2025, issued by the Minister of Agriculture and Environment stipulates the delegation, classification, and determination of authority in the field of state management of livestock breeding and veterinary affairs, which takes effect from July 1, 2025.

Based on the Law on Veterinary Medicine dated June 19, 2015;

BASED ON THE DECREE NO. 199/2013/NĐ-CP OF NOVEMBER 26, 2013 OF THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDING FOR THE FUNCTIONS, TASKS, POWERS, AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT;

1. The List of veterinary drugs permitted for circulation in Vietnam (Annex I).

The Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development issues this Circular on prevention and control of terrestrial animal diseases.[1]

Chapter I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1. Scope of Regulation and Applicability

Article 1. This Circular provides detailed provisions of the Law on Veterinary Medicine regarding prevention and control of terrestrial animal diseases, including:

a) List of animal diseases that must be declared as epidemics, List of zoonotic diseases, List of animal diseases prohibited from slaughter and treatment;

b) Mandatory preventive measures; hygiene requirements for animals and the environment in breeding; conditions for transporting animals and animal products out of epidemic areas;

c) Use of veterinary drugs not yet circulating in Vietnam in emergency situations to promptly prevent and control animal diseases;

d) Reporting, diagnosing, and investigating animal diseases;

đ) Compulsory handling of diseased animals showing signs of disease and animal products carrying pathogens of listed animal diseases, zoonotic diseases, or newly discovered infectious agents;

e) Conditions for declaring the end of an animal disease epidemic.

Article 2. This Circular applies to organizations and individuals within the country and foreign organizations and individuals related to activities of preventing and controlling terrestrial animal diseases within the territory of Vietnam.

Article 2. List of terrestrial animal diseases that must be declared as epidemics, List of zoonotic diseases, List of animal diseases prohibited from slaughter and treatment

Clause 1. The list of terrestrial animal diseases that must be declared as epidemics is specified in Section 1 of Appendix 01 attached to this Circular.

Clause 2. The list of zoonotic diseases is specified in Section 2 of Appendix 01 attached to this Circular.

Clause 3. The list of animal diseases prohibited from slaughter and treatment is specified in Section 3 of Appendix 01 attached to this Circular.

Chapter II. PROVISIONS ON PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL DISEASES

Article 3. Compulsory disease prevention measures for terrestrial animals

1. Compulsory disease prevention measures for terrestrial animals include:

a) Regular cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization according to the guidelines set out in Appendix 08 attached hereto;

b) Compulsory vaccination for terrestrial animals against certain dangerous infectious diseases as prescribed in Section 1 of Appendix 07 issued together with this Circular;

Based on the epidemiological characteristics, the circulation of dangerous infectious disease agents among terrestrial animals within the administrative area, and the vaccination guidelines for each disease in Appendix 09, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21 and 22 issued together with this Circular, the local veterinary management agency shall submit to the competent authority for a decision on compulsory vaccination for specific animal diseases prescribed in Section 1.1 of Appendix 07 in accordance with the local conditions and issue a Vaccination Certificate according to the model prescribed in Section 3 of Appendix 07.

2.[2] Livestock breeding facilities, poultry breeding facilities, and dairy cattle farms, in addition to complying with the provisions of Clause 1 of this Article, must also conduct regular monitoring for certain zoonotic diseases as prescribed in Section 2 of Appendix 07 issued together with this Circular. Based on the animal diseases prescribed in Section 2.1 of Appendix 07 and Appendix 02 issued together with this Circular, the provincial livestock and veterinary management agency shall organize regular disease surveillance for livestock breeding facilities, poultry breeding facilities, and dairy cattle farms under their jurisdiction.

Article 4. Sanitary and environmental hygiene requirements in concentrated livestock farming

1. Concentrated livestock farming facilities must comply with sanitary and environmental hygiene requirements in livestock farming as prescribed by law to prevent animal diseases.

2. Concentrated livestock farming facilities that meet the sanitary and environmental hygiene requirements and are organized by the specialized veterinary management agency for sampling and testing, if the test results are negative for the diseases prescribed in Section 1 of Appendix 07 issued together with this Circular then they are not required to implement compulsory vaccination for those diseases.

Article 5. Conditions for transporting animals and animal products out of epidemic areas

1. Livestock farms recognized as disease-free or participating in disease surveillance programs, if there is a need to transport disease-susceptible animals and their products out of epidemic areas, must ensure the following conditions:

a) Organized by the local specialized veterinary management agency for sampling and testing, and have negative test results for the disease-causing agent of the announced disease;

b) Transported using means of transportation that meet the requirements of National Technical Regulation QCVN 01 - 100: 2012/BNNPTNT: General Requirements for Veterinary Hygiene Equipment, Tools, and Means of Transportation of Live Animals and Freshly Processed Animal Products;

c) The means of transportation for animals and containers for animal products must be sealed and lead-sealed according to the guidance of the local specialized veterinary management agency.

2. The provincial specialized veterinary management agency shall organize the implementation of sampling and testing; cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of transportation means for animals and animal products as prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article and guide the transportation route out of the epidemic area.

3. The quarantine inspection of the transportation of animals and animal products prescribed in this Article must ensure compliance with the quarantine documentation, procedures, and formalities as prescribed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment[3].

Article 6. Regulations on the use of veterinary drugs not yet registered for circulation in Vietnam in emergency situations to prevent and control terrestrial animal diseases

1. In cases where there are epidemics of animal diseases specified in Article 2 of this Circular or new infectious diseases for which suitable veterinary drugs are not available domestically, the Department of Livestock Production and Veterinary Medicine[4] shall submit to the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development[5] for a decision on the use of veterinary drugs not yet circulating in Vietnam to prevent and control urgent epidemics.

2. The importation of veterinary drugs as stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article must comply with the documentation, procedures, and import formalities prescribed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development[6].

3. The use of veterinary drugs as stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article to prevent and control urgent animal epidemics must strictly follow the manufacturer's instructions or the prescription of specialized veterinary management agencies.

Article 7. Reporting and Reporting of Animal Diseases

1. Organizations and individuals who discover diseased animals, dead animals, signs of infectious disease, or abnormal deaths of livestock without clear cause must immediately report the animal disease to veterinary staff at the commune level, the People's Committee (PC) of the commune, or the nearest specialized veterinary management agency according to Clause 1 of Article 19 of the Law on Veterinary Medicine, including the following information:

a) The organization or individual making the report;

b) The location and time of discovery of the animal disease;

c) Type of animal;

d) Number of animals;

e) Description of disease symptoms.

2. Disease reporting is carried out as follows:

a)[7] At the commune level: Commune veterinary staff are responsible for reporting animal diseases to the Chairman of the Commune People's Committee. The Commune People's Committee is responsible for reporting animal diseases to the provincial specialized livestock production and veterinary management agency;

b)[8] (Repealed)

c) At the provincial level: The provincial specialized veterinary management agency is responsible for reporting animal diseases to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development,[9]the Regional Animal Health Office, and the Department of Livestock Production and Veterinary Medicine[10];

d) At the central level: The Department of Livestock Production and Veterinary Medicine[11] is responsible for reporting animal diseases to the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development[12] and international organizations of which Vietnam is a member or countries to which Vietnam has committed to report and share animal disease information;

e) In cases of dangerous infectious diseases that can spread rapidly over a wide area, organizations and individuals specified in points a, b, and c of this clause are permitted to report directly to higher-level authorities and specialized veterinary management agencies;

f) When zoonotic diseases listed in the Catalogue appear, commune-level veterinary staff and specialized veterinary management agencies must also report animal diseases to relevant health authorities at the same level according to current regulations;

g) The verification, collection of information, and reporting of animal diseases as stipulated in points a, b, c, d, e, and f of this clause must be completed within 24 hours for plains and midlands regions and 72 hours for remote, border, island, and coastal areas from the time of receiving the animal disease report from related individuals and organizations.

3. In cases where there is suspicion of the appearance of animal diseases specified in Article 2 of this Circular, veterinary staff at commune level and specialized animal health management agencies shall immediately report on animal disease outbreaks including the following contents:

a) Regarding the location where animals are sick, dead, or showing signs of illness: The name of the pet owner or the location where the animals were found (specific address down to village, ward, hamlet, or house number); the number of organizations, individuals, households with sick animals; the number of villages, wards, hamlets with sick animals;

b) The time when animals first showed clinical symptoms or died; the progression of the disease situation day by day;

c) Information related to sick, dead, or diseased animals: Type of animal; origin of the animal; total herd of infected animals; number of each type of animal that are sick, dead, or destroyed; symptoms and lesions of sick animals; types of drugs, vaccines, biological products used and the period of use; number of animals treated, vaccinated, and recovered;

d) Pathogen causing the disease (if known), suspected or confirmed source of the disease; results of passive and active surveillance programs for the disease (if available);

đ) Assessment of the situation, measures already implemented, measures to be applied, recommendations, suggestions.

4. Updated reports on animal disease outbreaks

a) Updated reports on disease outbreaks are applied in cases of animal diseases specified in Article 2 of this Circular which have been confirmed by specialized animal health management agencies;

b) Updated reports on disease outbreaks are conducted by veterinary staff at commune level and specialized animal health management agencies before 16:00 every day until the end of the outbreak period, including holidays and weekends;

c) The format for updated reports on disease outbreaks is prescribed in Section 1 Appendix 03 promulgated together with this Circular.

5. Investigation reports on animal disease outbreaks

a) Investigation reports on disease outbreaks are applied in cases of animal diseases specified in Article 2 of this Circular which have been confirmed by specialized animal health management agencies;

b)[13] Investigation reports on disease outbreaks must be completed within five days from the date the outbreak was confirmed by the specialized livestock and animal health management agency;

c) The content of investigation reports on disease outbreaks is carried out according to the provisions in Clause 2 of Article 9 of this Circular.

6. Final reports on animal disease outbreaks are to be prepared by local specialized animal health management agencies within seven days from the end of the outbreak as stipulated by law.

7. Periodic reports on animal diseases

a) Monthly reports are to be prepared by specialized animal health management agencies in both written form and via email, including information on animal diseases from the 1st to the last day of the month;

b) Quarterly, six-monthly, and annual reports are compiled by specialized animal health management agencies to provide information on animal diseases during the reporting period;

c) Periodic reports are to be submitted in the first week of the subsequent reporting period;

d) The content of periodic reports is carried out according to the format prescribed in Section 2 Appendix 03 this Circular.

8. Specialized animal health management agencies must organize the storage and secure information on animal diseases within their jurisdiction in written form and computer databases in accordance with current regulations.

Article 8. Diagnosis of Animal Diseases

1. Organizations and individuals collecting samples for testing must comply with Vietnam Technical Regulation QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT issued pursuant to Circular No. 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT dated October 25, 2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.

2. Disease samples must ensure quality for testing purposes, identification of pathogens, and must be accompanied by a sample submission form for testing laboratories recognized by competent authorities. The sample submission form for testing is prescribed in Appendix 04 promulgated together with this Circular.

3. Organizations and individuals conducting diagnosis and testing of animal diseases must follow national technical standards and national standards on diagnostic procedures for animal diseases, ensuring compliance with the Law on Animal Health, Law on Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, and Law on Environmental Protection.

4. Testing laboratories must conduct diagnosis and testing of disease samples immediately upon receipt and provide test results using the Test Result Notification Form prescribed in Appendix 04 attached to this Circular. In cases where diagnosis or testing has not been performed or the disease has not been identified, the laboratory must notify the organization or individual submitting the sample in writing and specify the reasons.

5. Testing laboratories are responsible for promptly reporting test results to the competent specialized animal health management agency.

6. The Livestock and Animal Health Department[14] will guide the collection of samples, diagnosis, and testing in cases of new infectious agents appearing.

Article 9. Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

1. Principles for Investigating Disease Outbreaks

a) Disease outbreak investigations shall be conducted for suspected cases of animal disease outbreaks as specified in Article 2 of this Circular and must be carried out within 24 hours in plains areas or 72 hours in remote areas from the time information about the disease outbreak is received;

b) Prior to conducting the investigation at the disease site, full information on livestock conditions and animal diseases must be collected; necessary materials, tools, equipment, chemicals for the investigation must be prepared; sampling tools, sample preservation and transportation equipment, personal protective equipment; current regulations on disease prevention and control; necessary resources and finances; forms and tools for collecting information;

c) Information about the disease outbreak must be collected in detail, fully, accurately, and promptly.

2. Contents of Disease Outbreak Investigations

a) Collect initial information at the time before and during the occurrence of the disease outbreak, determine basic epidemiological characteristics and the existence of the disease outbreak; trace the origin of the disease outbreak;

b) Update information on the disease outbreak, including: checking and comparing with previously reported information; clinical examination, number, species, age, date of discovery of diseased animals, identification of the first case; number of diseased animals; veterinary drugs, vaccines, chemicals used; identify related risk factors;

c) Describe the progression of the disease outbreak over time, location, diseased animals, signs of disease; evaluate the cause of the disease outbreak;

d) Propose conducting research on risk factors;

đ) Summarize, analyze, evaluate, and make a definitive diagnosis of the outbreak, identify the disease, mode of transmission;

e) Report the results of the outbreak investigation, assess and forecast the disease situation in the subsequent period, propose preventive and control measures.

3.[15] Responsibilities for Investigating Disease Outbreaks:

a) The People's Committee of the commune, upon receiving notification of diseased, dead, or infected animals, shall be responsible for investigating the animal disease outbreak;

b) The specialized management agency for livestock breeding and veterinary services at the provincial level shall be responsible for directing, advising, and providing professional support for disease outbreak investigations to the People's Committee of the commune;

c) The People's Committee of the province shall be responsible for directing relevant functional agencies in the locality to support the implementation of disease outbreak investigations within their jurisdiction;

d) For complex animal diseases with new epidemiological factors, the specialized management agency for livestock breeding and veterinary services at the provincial level shall request the Livestock Production and Veterinary Service Department to provide support for disease outbreak investigations in the locality.

Article 10. Compulsory Handling of Diseased Animals and Animal Products Carrying Infectious Pathogens

1. The application of compulsory measures such as destruction or compulsory slaughter depends on the type of animal disease as detailed in the Appendices issued together with this Circular, including:

a) Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (or virus strains capable of transmitting the disease to humans) as stipulated in Appendix 09;

b) Foot-and-Mouth Disease as stipulated in Appendix 10;

c) Swine Vesicular Disease as stipulated in Appendix 11;

d) Anthrax as stipulated in Appendix 12;

e) African Swine Fever as stipulated in Appendix 13;

f) Brucellosis as stipulated in Appendix 14;

g) Rabies as stipulated in Appendix 15;

h) Newcastle Disease as stipulated in Appendix 16;

i) Porcine Erysipelas (Type 2) as stipulated in Appendix 17;

j) Paratuberculosis as stipulated in Appendix 18;

k) Bovine Tuberculosis as stipulated in Appendix 19;

l) Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia as stipulated in Appendix 20;

n)[16] African Swine Fever;

Prevention, control, and application of compulsory measures for pigs affected by African Swine Fever according to the directives and guidance of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development[17] and the Livestock Production and Veterinary Service Department[18].

o)[19] Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Prevention, control, surveillance, diagnosis, testing, and application of compulsory measures for cattle affected by or suspected of having Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia according to the directives and guidance of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development[20] and the Livestock Production and Veterinary Service Department[21].

2. For animals and animal products carrying newly identified infectious pathogens, the Livestock Production and Veterinary Service Department[22] shall submit to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development[23] for decisions on compulsory handling measures.

3. Technical measures for the destruction, slaughter of diseased animals showing signs of disease, and destruction of animal products carrying infectious pathogens shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions in Appendix 06 and the guidelines provided in the Appendix 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 promulgated together with this Circular.

Article 11. Conditions for declaring the end of animal disease outbreaks

Declaring the end of animal disease outbreaks includes the following conditions:

1. Within 21 days from the date of death, compulsory slaughter, or recovery without recurrence of the last diseased animal, there must be no new cases of animals contracting the disease or dying from it within the declared outbreak area.

2. Vaccination has been administered to animals susceptible to the disease in the affected area at a rate of over 90% of the animals in the vaccination zone, and over 80% in the threatened area, or other compulsory preventive measures have been applied to susceptible animals in accordance with the guidance of specialized veterinary management agencies.

3. Carry out comprehensive sanitation, disinfection, and decontamination in the affected and threatened areas as prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article, in accordance with Section 5 of Appendix 08 issued together with this Circular,ensuring compliance with veterinary hygiene requirements.

4. Submit a request for declaration of the end of the animal disease outbreak from the local specialized veterinary management agency, along with an approval document for the declaration of the end of the outbreak attached to the verification report on the conditions for declaring the end of the outbreak from the higher-level specialized veterinary management agency.

Chapter III. IMPLEMENTATION [24]

Article 12. Responsibilities of the Livestock Production and Veterinary Department [25]

1. Guide, inspect, and supervise the implementation of the provisions of this Circular and related regulations concerning the prevention and control of terrestrial animal diseases.

2. Review and propose to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development[26] to include new dangerous animal diseases in the list prescribed at Article 2 of this Circular when new dangerous diseases appear among animals.

3. Present to the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development[27] decisions on importing and using veterinary drugs not yet circulating in Vietnam and guidelines for their emergency use against diseases.

4. Provide detailed guidance on the use of reporting forms for terrestrial animal diseases.

5.[28] Provide or present to the Ministry for issuance of guidelines on diagnosis, testing, technical measures for preventing and controlling terrestrial animal diseases caused by newly emerging infectious agents; regular monitoring.

6. Organize training for organizations and individuals involved in implementing preventive and control measures for terrestrial animal diseases.

7. Coordinate with relevant organizations and individuals to research, review, and propose amendments and supplements to the provisions of this Circular as appropriate.

8. Organize information dissemination and propaganda to relevant organizations and individuals about regulations on the prevention and control of terrestrial animal diseases.

Article 13. Responsibilities of Local Specialized Veterinary Management Agencies

1. Based on the provisions of this Circular and guidance from the Livestock Production and Veterinary Department[29] to organize implementation; while guiding, inspecting, and supervising relevant organizations and individuals in the locality to implement.

2. Develop proactive plans for preventing and controlling animal diseases in the locality in accordance with Appendix 05 issued together with this Circular, submit to the competent authority for approval and organization of implementation.

3. Organize training for relevant organizations and individuals in the locality to implement preventive and control measures for terrestrial animal diseases.

4. Organize information dissemination and propaganda to relevant organizations and individuals in the locality about regulations on the prevention and control of terrestrial animal diseases.

Article 14. Responsibilities of Relevant Organizations and Individuals

1. Organizations and individuals related to veterinary activities shall implement measures to prevent and control animal diseases in accordance with the provisions of this Circular and its appendices.

2. Comply with regulations on preventing and controlling terrestrial animal diseases as stipulated in this Circular, other relevant laws on veterinary practices, environmental protection, infectious disease prevention, and guidance from specialized veterinary management agencies to ensure safety for animals raised within their jurisdiction and food hygiene and safety.

3. Adhere to inspections and guidance provided by specialized veterinary management agencies and competent state authorities.

Article 15. Effective Date

1. This Circular takes effect from July 15, 2016.

2. This Circular replaces the following legal normative documents:

a) Decision No. 63/2005/QĐ-BNN dated October 13, 2005 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on mandatory vaccination for livestock and poultry;

b) Decision No. 64/2005/QĐ-BNN dated October 13, 2005 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on the list of diseases that must be declared, dangerous animal diseases, and compulsory preventive measures;

c) Circular No. 69/2005/TT-BNN dated November 7, 2005 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on urgent measures to prevent and control avian influenza (H5N1) in poultry;

d) Decision No. 38/2006/QĐ-BNN dated May 16, 2006 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease in livestock;

đ) Decision No. 67/2006/QĐ-BNN dated September 12, 2006 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development amending Decision No. 38/2006/QĐ-BNN dated May 16, 2006 on the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease in livestock;

e) Decision No. 05/2007/QĐ-BNN dated January 22, 2007 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development amending Decision No. 38/2006/QĐ-BNN dated May 16, 2006 on the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease in livestock;

g) Decision No. 1037/QĐ-BNN-TY dated April 13, 2007 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on adding Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) to the list of diseases that must be declared;

h) Decision No. 80/2008/QĐ-BNN dated July 15, 2008 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on prevention and control of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS);

i) Circular No. 48/2009/TT-BNNPTNT dated August 4, 2009 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on measures to prevent and control rabies in animals;

k) Circular No. 04/2011/TT-BNNPTNT dated January 24, 2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on measures to prevent and control swine fever;

l) Circular No. 05/2011/TT-BNNPTNT dated January 24, 2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on measures to prevent and control Newcastle disease in poultry;

m) Circular No. 53/2013/TT-BNNPTNT dated December 12, 2013 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on reporting animal diseases;

n) Circular No. 44/2014/TT-BNNPTNT dated December 1, 2014 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on periodic checks for animal diseases at livestock and poultry breeding facilities and dairy farms.

Article 16. Responsibility for Implementation

1. Heads of units under the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment[30], heads of agencies, organizations, and individuals related to the implementation of this Circular within their assigned tasks and authority are responsible for organizing and implementing the provisions of this Circular.

2. During the implementation process, if there are difficulties or need for amendments or supplements, agencies, organizations, and individuals are requested to promptly report to the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment[31] for consideration and resolution./.

APPENDIX 01

LIST OF ANIMAL DISEASES ON LAND THAT MUST BE DECLARED AS DISEASE OUTBREAKS; LIST OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES; LIST OF ANIMAL DISEASES PROHIBITED FROM SLAUGHTER AND TREATMENT
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. List of animal diseases on land that must be declared as outbreaks

1.1. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (with virus strains capable of infecting humans)

1.2. Foot-and-Mouth Disease

1.3. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (Blue Ear Disease)

1.4. Anthrax

1.5. Swine Fever

1.6. Brucellosis

1.7. Rabies

1.8. Newcastle Disease

1.9. African Swine Fever[32]

1.10. Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia[33]

2. List of zoonotic diseases

2.1. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (with virus strains capable of infecting humans)

2.2. Rabies

2.3. Porcine Erysipelas (Type 2)

2.4. Anthrax

2.5. Brucellosis

2.6. Trichinellosis

2.7. Bovine Tuberculosis

2.8. Infectious Abortion

3. List of animal diseases prohibited from slaughter and treatment

3.1. Anthrax

3.2. Rabies

3.3. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (with virus strains capable of infecting humans)

The lists of animal diseases specified in this Appendix will be reviewed, adjusted, and supplemented as necessary based on practical requirements for disease prevention and control as proposed by the Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department.[34].

APPENDIX 02

GUIDELINES FOR POST-VACCINATION SURVEILLANCE AND DISEASE MONITORING
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Post-vaccination surveillance

1.1. The number of livestock and poultry samples required for serological testing to evaluate post-vaccination immune response:

a) Formula to assess whether the protective antibody rate reaches 80% or not:

Table for calculating the number of livestock and poultry samples required to assess whether the protective antibody rate reaches 80% or not:

Note: The required number of serum samples to be taken is 61 samples (based on the estimated Protective Antibody Rate of 80% and the Estimation Error of 10%).

b) In cases where the herd size is less than 2000 animals, calculate the number of livestock to be sampled using the following formula:

1.2. Content of inspection, testing methods

a) Inspection content: Randomly select animals from the vaccinated herd to take serum samples for evaluating post-vaccination immune response; serum samples should be taken at least 21 days after the last vaccination dose.

b) Testing method: Conducted according to current technical standards and regulations for each disease or as directed by the Livestock and Veterinary Administration for newly emerging diseases.[35] for newly emerged diseases.

1.3. Handling test results

a) If the post-vaccination protective rate reaches 70% or higher, the animal herd is considered to have achieved the protective rate and the facility can use the inspection and testing results to register as a disease-safe facility for that disease or to process animal transport quarantine procedures.

b) If the post-vaccination protective rate is below 70%, the local veterinary management agency will guide the facility to organize re-vaccination.

2. Animal Disease Surveillance

2.1. Number of Livestock Samples Needed for Testing to Detect Pathogens or Natural Infection Antibodies

a) Calculation Formula: The number of livestock samples needed for testing must be calculated based on the predicted prevalence rate of 10% using the following formula:

For bovine tuberculosis, conduct intradermal injection tests on 100% of animals that need to be tested.

b) Table for calculating the number of livestock samples needed to determine animal diseases

2.2. Content and Methods of Inspection and Testing

a) Inspection Content: Clinical examination and sampling for pathogen testing or natural infection antibody detection; for bovine tuberculosis, conduct intradermal injection tests.

b) Inspection Method: Clinical examinations are conducted based on the clinical symptoms of each disease. Sampling and testing are carried out according to current technical standards and regulations for each disease or as directed by the Livestock and Veterinary Administration.[36]For bovine tuberculosis, perform intradermal injection tests and evaluate the reaction results according to current Vietnamese standards.

c) Frequency of Inspection: Inspect once every year.

d) Samples must be tested at agricultural laboratories recognized by authorized agencies.

2.3. Handling Inspection Results

a) If no disease is detected: Animals are evaluated as not having circulating pathogens for the disease being inspected, and the facility can use the inspection and testing results to register as a disease-safe facility for that disease or to process animal transport quarantine procedures.

b) If a disease is detected, implement specific prevention and control measures for each disease as stipulated in this Circular.

APPENDIX 03

MODEL REPORT FORM FOR ANIMAL DISEASES
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Daily Updated Epidemic Report Form

COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF DISEASE … IN PROVINCE …

(Up to 16:00, Date …/ …/20…)

Test Results: Clearly specify the type, subtype of the virus causing the disease (Example: LMLM type O, A, Asial; Avian Influenza A/H5N1, A/H5N6,...).

Note:

* Species: For livestock, clearly specify: buffalo, cattle, pig, goat; sow, fattening pig, piglet. For poultry, clearly specify: chicken, duck, goose, quail,...

2. Periodic Report Form on the Situation of Animal Diseases

COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF ANIMAL DISEASES IN PROVINCE …

(Example: From January 1, 20... to January 31, 20...)

Note: The report must clearly state the situation of animal diseases, surveillance results, assessment of the disease situation, implemented preventive and control measures, difficulties, shortcomings, planned measures, recommendations, and suggestions.

ANNEX 04

SAMPLE FORM FOR SUBMITTING PATHOGEN TEST SAMPLES AND RESPONSE FORM FOR TESTING RESULTS
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Sample Submission Form for Pathogen Test Samples

SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM
Independence - Freedom - Happiness
---------------

Respectfully submitted to: ...

- Name of the person submitting the sample*: …

- Address of the person submitting the sample: …

- ID Number (if available): …

- Phone Number: … Fax: …

- Email: …

1. Information about the Sample:

- Location of Sample Collection*: …

- Species*: …

- Age: … - Breed: … - Sex: …

- Type of Sample*: …

- Quantity*: … samples

- Date of Sample Collection*: …

- Vaccine (strain/type of vaccine)*: …

- Time of Vaccination: …

- Condition of the Sample: …

2. Course of the Disease* (In case of suspected disease):

- Date of Onset: …

- Total Herd: … animals - Number Affected: … animals - Number Died: … animals

- Treatment Medication: …

- Duration of Treatment: …

- Symptoms: …

- Lesions: …

3. Request for Testing*:

*: All information marked with an asterisk (*) is mandatory to declare.

(I hereby guarantee that the information provided is true, and I am fully responsible if it is found to be false).

Expected Time to Receive Testing Results:

Method of Receiving Testing Results:

2. Response Form for Testing Results

Respectfully submitted to:...

I. General Information:

- Species of Sampled Animal: …

- Number of Samples: … samples

- Type of Sample: …

- Vaccine (strain/type of vaccine): … - Date of Vaccination: …

- Date of Sample Collection:

- Date of Sample Receipt: …

- Location of Sample Submission: …

- Location of Sample Collection: …

- Condition of Sample: …

II. Testing Indicators and Methods:

- Testing criteria: ...

- Testing method: ...

- Testing date: ...

RESULT

Record the results of each test separately

“*”: The tests recognized as conforming to ISO/IEC 17025:2005

III. Conclusion: ..........................................................................................................

APPENDIX 05

MODEL PLAN FOR PROACTIVE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL DISEASES
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Model Plan

I. Situation of animal diseases in the locality for the year, clearly stating causes, assessment of the situation, existing issues, and shortcomings.

II. Proactive Prevention and Control Plan for Animal Diseases in the Following Year

1. Purpose and Requirements

2. Content of the Plan

3. Implementation Solutions

3.1. Regarding organization, direction, inspection, and supervision

3.2. Regarding resources

a) Budgeting materials, chemicals, funds, and human resources to implement preventive and control measures, support livestock owners when a disease outbreak is declared or when a disease occurs but does not meet the conditions for declaring an outbreak at the local level;

b) Budgeting equipment that needs to be invested in, supplemented, and calibrated to serve diagnostic testing, monitoring, epidemic investigation, epidemiological map construction, and data analysis.

3.3. Technical solutions

a) Regarding vaccination;

b) Regarding disease surveillance, post-vaccination surveillance;

c) Epidemic investigation, measures to handle epidemic foci, and anti-disease measures;

d) Regarding hygiene, disinfection, and sterilization;

đ) Regarding quarantine during transportation, slaughterhouse control, and hygiene inspections;

e) Regarding management of veterinary drug business activities;

g) Management of veterinary practitioners;

h) Regarding establishment of disease-free zones and safe premises for animals.

3.4. Solutions regarding information dissemination and propaganda for organizations and individuals involved in veterinary activities in the locality; training for livestock farmers, village veterinary staff, civil servants, employees, and workers in the local veterinary system on professional skills, policies, state regulations, and guidance documents from specialized veterinary management agencies.

4. Financial Resources and Financial Mechanism

5. Implementation Organization: Assign specific responsibilities to relevant agencies and units to implement the Plan; organize inspections and supervision of the implementation of the Plan.

2. Steps to Develop the Plan

2.1. Conduct a detailed evaluation of the role, importance, current status, and development trends of livestock farming in the locality; compile and analyze data on key livestock species; review existing issues and shortcomings in implementing the previous year's Plan and develop the next year's Plan in line with local realities.

2.2. Compile, analyze, and evaluate the results of disease surveillance; disease situation (detailed description according to space, time, and affected species); risk factors related to the emergence and spread of diseases in the locality; epidemiological indicators and testing indicators needed to determine the risk level of disease emergence and predict the likelihood of disease occurrence and spread in the locality.

2.3. Determine necessary resources, including: human resources, material resources, financial resources to implement preventive and control measures, support livestock owners, monitor diseases, both when a disease occurs but does not meet the conditions for declaring an outbreak and when an outbreak is declared.

2.4. Based on technical standards, Vietnamese standards, and guidance documents on disease surveillance, investigation, hygiene conditions, number of farms, and households engaged in livestock farming, propose specific disease surveillance contents.

2.5. Draft the Plan including all contents and budget estimates for implementation.

2.6. Report to the competent authority for approval of the Plan and annual budget estimates.

2.7. Send the approved Plan to the Regional Animal Health Office and the Department of Livestock Production and Animal Health[38] for coordination in directing and supervising implementation.

2.8. Organize the implementation of the Plan.

2.9. In case of Plan adjustments, the provincial specialized animal health management agency sends the adjusted Plan to the Regional Animal Health Office and the Department of Livestock Production and Animal Health[39].

APPENDIX 06

TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE DESTRUCTION AND COMPULSORY SLAUGHTER OF INFECTED ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Destruction

1.1. Principles of destruction

a) Animals must be killed using electricity or other methods (if available).

b) Location of destruction: must follow the guidelines of the competent state authorities, prioritizing locations within the infected farm area or nearby suitable locations near the epidemic focus.

1.2. Methods of destruction

a) Burial method;

b) Burning method: burning in a dedicated furnace or manually by digging a pit, placing the animal carcasses or products in the pit, and burning them with wood, coal, straw, rice husks, gasoline, oil, etc.; then covering the pit with soil and compacting it. For Anthrax, the burial pit must be covered with concrete according to the provisions in Appendix 12 promulgated together with this Circular.

1.3. Transporting animal carcasses and products to the destruction site:

a) If the destruction site is outside the epidemic area, the carcasses and products must be placed in bags, tightly sealed, and concentrated in one place for disinfection before transport; for large animals that do not fit in bags, use plastic sheets or other waterproof materials to line the bottom and sides of the transport vehicle;

b) The transport vehicle must have a closed floor to prevent spillage of waste along the way;

c) The transport vehicle must be cleaned, disinfected, and sterilized according to the guidelines of the specialized animal health management agency immediately before transport and after unloading the bags at the destruction site or moving away from the destruction area.

1.4. Specifications for burial pits

a) Location: The burial pit must be at least 30 meters away from residential areas, wells, and animal housing areas and must have sufficient area; preferably located in a garden (preferably a fruit garden or timber garden).

b) Size: The burial pit must be wide enough to accommodate the volume of animal carcasses, products, and waste. For example, if burying one ton of animals, the pit should be 1.5 to 2 meters deep, 1.5 to 2 meters wide, and 1.5 to 2 meters long.

1.5. Steps for burial

After digging the pit, spread a layer of lime powder at the bottom of the pit at a ratio of approximately 1 kg of lime per square meter²Lower the container into the pit, spray disinfectant or sprinkle lime powder on the surface, cover with soil and tamp down firmly; the distance from the surface of the container to the ground must be at least 0.5 meters, the layer of soil covering the container must be at least 1 meter thick and higher than the ground to prevent water from flowing in and causing the burial pit to collapse or sink. Spray disinfect the burial area to complete the destruction process.

1.6. Management of Burial Pits

a) Burial pits for animal carcasses must have warning signs for people entering the area;

b) The People's Committee of the commune has the responsibility to manage, organize regular inspections, and promptly address any incidents of collapse, subsidence, erosion, leakage, or odor from the burial pits;

c) The burial site must be marked on the commune map, recorded, and kept at the People's Committee of the commune.

1.7. In cases where other organizations or individuals are hired to carry out destruction, the local specialized veterinary management agency shall organize supervision of the implementation to ensure compliance with technical requirements set forth in this Appendix.

2. Compulsory Slaughter

Compulsory slaughter of animals as prescribed in Clause 4, Article 30 of the Law on Animal Health shall be carried out as follows:

2.1. For vehicles transporting animals to slaughterhouses

a) Vehicles must have enclosed floors or must be lined with waterproof material to ensure that waste does not leak during transportation; they must be cleaned, disinfected, and decontaminated before transporting animals out of disease-infected areas and after unloading animals at the slaughterhouse;

b) Waste and bedding materials must be collected for burning or chemical disinfection before burial; floor liners and equipment used to contain animals, if not burned or buried, must be cleaned, disinfected, and decontaminated.

2.2. For slaughterhouses

a) Slaughterhouses must ensure that there are no animals left waiting to be slaughtered;

b) All animals brought for compulsory slaughter must be slaughtered entirely, prioritizing healthy animals first, followed by those showing signs of illness and sick animals;

c) After completing the slaughter of animals, processing of meat, by-products, and other products, the slaughterhouse must collect all waste for destruction and perform cleaning, disinfection, and decontamination; wastewater generated during the slaughter process must be collected and treated with chemical disinfectants; slaughter tools and containers for animal products must be cleaned, disinfected, and decontaminated.

2.3. For animal carcass meat, thermal treatment must be applied by making sausages or boiling thoroughly or using other methods to ensure that there is no longer a risk of disease transmission.

2.4. For by-products and other animal products, they must be collected, sprayed with chemical disinfectants before being placed in sealed bags or containers, and sprayed with chemical disinfectants before being transported to the disposal site.

Vehicles transporting by-products and other animal products to the disposal site must have enclosed floors; they must be cleaned, disinfected, and decontaminated before and after transport to the disposal site.

APPENDIX 07

DANGEROUS TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES IN ANIMALS MUST BE PREVENTED BY COMPULSORY VACCINATION AND REGULAR MONITORING
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Dangerous transmissible diseases must apply compulsory vaccination measures for domestic animals

1.1. Some dangerous infectious diseases according to species of domestic animals as follows:

a) Diseases in cattle: Foot-and-mouth disease, Anthrax, Hemorrhagic septicemia, Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia[40];

b) Diseases in pigs: Foot-and-mouth disease, Hemorrhagic septicemia, Swine dysentery;

c) Diseases in goats and sheep: Foot-and-mouth disease, Anthrax;

d) Diseases in chickens and quails: Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Newcastle disease;

e) Diseases in ducks and geese: Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Duck plague;

f) Diseases in dogs and cats: Rabies.

1.2. Based on practical requirements for animal disease prevention and control, epidemiological characteristics, and the circulation of pathogens causing dangerous infectious diseases in animals, the Livestock Production and Veterinary Department[41] shall submit to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development[42] decides to supplement diseases that must be compulsorily vaccinated according to Point 1.1 of this Appendix as appropriate.

2. Dangerous transmissible diseases must apply regular monitoring measures

2.1. Zoonotic diseases must be regularly monitored in domestic animals at breeding farms and dairy farms:

a) Diseases in cattle: Infectious abortion, Bovine tuberculosis, Brucellosis;

b) Diseases in pigs: Brucellosis, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (type 2);

c) Diseases in goats: Brucellosis;

d) Diseases in poultry: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (highly virulent strains or avian influenza virus strains capable of infecting humans).

2.2. Based on practical requirements for animal disease prevention and control, epidemiological characteristics, and the circulation of pathogens causing dangerous infectious diseases in animals, the Livestock Production and Veterinary Department[43] shall submit to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development[44] decides to supplement diseases that must be regularly monitored according to Point 2.1 of this Appendix as appropriate.

3. Sample Vaccination Certificate[45]

Form No. 01.DT

VACCINATION CERTIFICATE

Disease: ...

Certifies that the domestic animal(s) of: ... (1) ...

Address: ... village/hamlet/ward: ... commune/district/special zone: ... province/city: (2)

Species of domestic animal: ... (3) ...

Has been vaccinated against: ... (4) ...

Date of vaccination: ... (5) ...

Number of animals vaccinated: ... head

Identification marks of the animal(s)/herd: ... (6) ...

This vaccination certificate is valid until: ... (7) ...

(1): Full name of the household head or farm owner/farm name.

(2): Address where the vaccinated animals are kept.

(3): Full species and breed of domestic animal (cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, dog, cat, chicken, duck, goose...).

(4): Full name of vaccine, batch number, expiration date.

(5) and (7): Full date (day/month/year).

(6): Name of the animal/ear tag number (if applicable), weight, coat color, age, sex, purpose of keeping (breeding, milk production, meat production...) or other identifying features.

ANNEX 8

GENERAL GUIDELINES ON SANITATION, DISINFECTION, AND DECONTAMINATION
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Principles of Sanitation, Disinfection, and Decontamination

1.1. Personnel performing disinfection and decontamination must wear appropriate personal protective equipment.

1.2. Disinfectants should be less harmful to people, animals, and the environment; suitable for the object to be disinfected and decontaminated; have rapid, strong, prolonged, broad-spectrum, and effective bactericidal properties.

1.3. Prior to applying disinfectants, the objects to be disinfected must be cleaned mechanically (sweeping, scraping, washing).

1.4. Prepare and use disinfectants according to the manufacturer's instructions, ensuring the correct concentration and application rate per unit area.

2. Types of disinfectants

2.1. Disinfectants listed in the Catalogue of Permitted Veterinary Drugs in Vietnam.

2.2. Lime powder, slaked lime, lime water, soap, detergent.

2.3. Other types of disinfectants as directed by local specialized animal health management agencies.

3. Objects for cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization

3.1. Concentrated animal husbandry facilities.

3.2. Households engaged in animal husbandry.

3.3. Poultry and aquatic bird hatcheries.

3.4. Animal slaughterhouses.

3.5. Facilities for preliminary processing and manufacturing of animals and animal products.

3.6. Live animal and fresh animal product markets.

3.7. Collection sites for live animals and animal products for sale and business purposes, including quarantine areas for animals.

3.8. Areas for burying, treating, and destroying diseased animals and contaminated animal products; areas for collecting and treating animal waste.

3.9. Animal quarantine stations and disease control checkpoints.

3.10. Means of transportation for animals and animal products.

Based on specific local characteristics, local specialized animal health management agencies shall determine areas with previous outbreaks and high-risk zones that require cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization.

4. Frequency of Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection

4.1. For concentrated animal husbandry facilities: Regularly clean the livestock rearing areas and periodically carry out disinfection and sterilization according to the facility's schedule and local campaigns.

4.2. Households engaged in animal husbandry: Regularly clean the livestock rearing areas and carry out disinfection and sterilization according to local campaigns.

4.3. Poultry and aquatic bird hatcheries: Regularly clean and disinfect after each hatching cycle and according to local campaigns.

4.4. Animal slaughterhouses: Regularly clean and disinfect after each slaughtering session.

4.5. Facilities for preliminary processing and manufacturing of animals and animal products: Regularly clean and disinfect after each production shift.

4.6. Collection sites and live animal and fresh animal product markets: Clean and disinfect the trading areas after each market session. Quarantine areas must be regularly cleaned and disinfected at least once a week during the isolation period.

4.7. Means of transportation for animals and animal products: Regularly clean and disinfect after each transport.

4.8. Areas for burying, treating, and destroying diseased animals and contaminated animal products; areas for collecting and treating animal waste: Clean and disinfect after completing disposal, burial, and according to local campaigns.

4.9. Animal quarantine stations: Clean and disinfect means of transportation passing through the quarantine station.

4.10. Disease control checkpoints: Daily clean and disinfect means of transportation passing through the checkpoint during the outbreak period.

5. In case of dangerous infectious diseases occurring in the locality, local specialized animal health management agencies shall provide specific guidance on the objects and frequency of cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization in affected areas, epidemic zones, and threatened zones.

ANNEX 09

GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING AVIAN INFLUENZA
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Introduction to Avian Influenza

1.1. Concept of the Disease

a) Avian Influenza (AI) is a contagious disease affecting birds (including poultry and wild birds) and mammals (including humans), caused by type A influenza viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae, containing RNA, enveloped by lipid. On the envelope, there are two types of antigens: H (Hemagglutinin) and N (Neuraminidase). Antigen H has 16 subtypes numbered from H1 to H16, and antigen N has 9 subtypes numbered from N1 to N9. Depending on the virus strain causing the disease, the H and N subtypes are designated for that strain. Currently in Vietnam, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza are identified as H5N1 and H5N6. In farming, chickens often suffer severe illness, while ducks usually carry the virus but rarely show clinical symptoms and are a major source of spreading the virus to the environment. Some strains of avian influenza do not cause disease in poultry but can transmit the disease to humans and cause death (virus A/H7N9).

b) Viral resistance: The virus typically survives longer in low humidity air and in feces under low temperature and high humidity conditions. The virus can survive up to 35 days in low-temperature housing, up to 3 months in the feces of infected birds. The virus is easily destroyed at 70°C for 5 minutes. In refrigerators and freezers, the virus can survive for several months. Common disinfectants such as 2% sodium hydroxide, 3% formaldehyde, 5% cresol, 3% chloramine B, 1% iodine, 20% halamine, 70°-90° alcohol, 10% lime powder or lime water, strong soap solution,...

1.2. Sources of the Disease and Transmission Routes

a) Affected species: Animals affected by avian influenza include poultry such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quails, pigeons, ostriches, wild birds, and mammals of all ages. Notably, the virus can infect and cause disease in humans.

b) Sources of the disease: The virus is present in most internal organs of infected animals, abundant in feces, secretions such as nasal discharge and saliva. In nature, migratory birds and wild aquatic birds carrying the influenza virus are the main sources of spreading the disease to farmed poultry. In farming, aquatic birds carrying the influenza virus are considered the primary source of infection for caged poultry.

c) Transmission routes: In infected poultry, the influenza virus replicates in the respiratory and digestive tracts, then is excreted through feces, nasal discharge, and saliva. The transmission period is usually within 3 to 5 days, sometimes extending to 7 days from the onset of symptoms. Transmission occurs through direct and indirect methods.

- Direct transmission: Occurs when sensitive poultry comes into contact with poultry infected with avian influenza or animals carrying the influenza virus, thereby allowing the influenza virus to enter the body through respiratory secretions or contaminated feed and drinking water.

- Indirect transmission: Through farming tools, feed, drinking water, cages, clothing, transportation means, etc., contaminated with excreta or secretions containing the influenza virus from infected animals.

1.3. Clinical symptoms

Poultry infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza has a short incubation period, usually from 01 to 03 days and may be longer depending on the virulence of the virus. Therefore, infected poultry often dies suddenly without showing clinical symptoms. The mortality rate can reach up to 100% of the flock within a few days; affected poultry walk abnormally, stagger, shake their heads, tremble, appear weak, gather in groups; respiratory symptoms such as coughing, difficulty breathing, runny nose, nasal discharge, sneezing, wheezing, sinusitis, swollen eyelids, excessive tearing, joint swelling; head and face swelling, eyelid, comb, and wattles swelling, purple discoloration; subcutaneous hemorrhage, especially in areas without feathers; diarrhea, thin white or white-green droppings; for laying hens, egg production significantly decreases, some stop laying eggs altogether.

1.4. Pathological findings: Hemorrhagic trachea, accumulation of purulent inflammatory fluid, thickened and opaque air sacs with caseous lesions, hemorrhagic lungs; hemorrhagic proventriculus, duodenum, hemorrhagic rectum, enlarged or hemorrhagic liver, spleen, kidneys; hemorrhagic pericardium, myocardium; soft heart, yellowish serous fluid in the pericardium; hemorrhagic ovaries, testes; cerebral congestion, some subcutaneous hemorrhages on the feet.

2. Compulsory vaccination for disease prevention

2.1. Vaccination targets

a) Poultry farms, concentrated poultry breeding facilities: Poultry breeds, commercial layer chickens, meat-type poultry raised for more than 45 days, except cases exempted from vaccination as stipulated in Clause 2, Article 4 of this Circular;

b) Small-scale poultry flocks in households: Chickens, ducks, geese, quails, and other sensitive poultry species determined by local veterinary management authorities.

2.2. Scope of vaccination

Areas with previous outbreaks, high-risk zones identified by local veterinary management authorities.

2.3. Timing of vaccination

a) Organize vaccinations according to the breeding cycle and periodically boost newly introduced flocks, flocks that have lost immunity protection, or follow the guidance of local veterinary management authorities;

b) Dosage and route of administration according to the manufacturer's instructions for the vaccine.

2.4. Based on notifications of circulating virus strains in the field, local veterinary management authorities determine the vaccination targets, scope, and types of vaccines suitable for preventing and controlling highly pathogenic avian influenza.

2.5. Considering the breeding conditions, climate, and characteristics of each region, local veterinary management authorities develop and implement vaccination plans to ensure effectiveness.

3. Emergency vaccination when an outbreak occurs

3.1. When an outbreak of avian influenza occurs, vaccinate healthy poultry in villages, hamlets, and communities where the outbreak occurred; simultaneously organize ring vaccination around the outbreak area starting from the outer areas for sensitive poultry in villages, hamlets, and communities within the same commune and adjacent communes.

3.2. Mobilize local forces to support vaccination; those directly involved in vaccination must be veterinary staff or individuals trained in vaccination.

3.3. Local veterinary management authorities guide, manage, and supervise the implementation of vaccination.

4. Surveillance of avian influenza

4.1. Clinical surveillance must be conducted regularly and continuously, particularly for newly introduced flocks, flocks in areas with previous outbreaks, and high-risk zones identified by local veterinary management authorities.

4.2. Surveillance of circulating influenza viruses (highly pathogenic or strains capable of transmitting the disease to humans).

Collect throat swabs, cloacal swabs, fresh fecal samples, and tissue samples to monitor viral circulation and changes in the virus.

4.3. Post-vaccination surveillance

a) Post-vaccination surveillance to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination and the immune response of vaccinated poultry;

b) Collect serum samples for antibody testing after vaccination;

c) Sampling time: 21 days after the most recent vaccination.

4.4. Local veterinary management authorities develop and submit to competent authorities for approval a proactive plan to prevent and control avian influenza outbreaks, including surveillance plans for clinical signs, circulating viruses, or post-vaccination surveillance. Surveillance is carried out according to guidelines at Appendix 02 promulgated together with this Circular.

4.5. During surveillance, if poultry flocks test positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1, A/H5N6, or strains capable of transmitting the disease and causing death in humans, they shall be treated as avian influenza outbreaks.

5. Handling of infected poultry

5.1. Infected poultry must be destroyed in the following cases:

a) Flocks diagnosed with avian influenza, dead, or showing signs of highly pathogenic avian influenza;

b) Free-range flocks that have not been vaccinated and have come into contact with infected flocks or flocks showing signs of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

5.2. Destruction of infected poultry must be carried out immediately upon confirmation of positive tests for avian influenza A/H5N1, A/H5N6, or strains capable of transmitting the disease and causing death in humans, or upon verification and conclusion by local veterinary management authorities that the flock is infected with avian influenza.

5.3. Handling of infected poultry is guided by Appendix 06 issued together with this Circular.

6. Diagnostic testing for the disease

6.1. Samples used to detect avian influenza pathogens include throat swabs, cloacal swabs, fresh fecal samples, and tissue samples from infected poultry or entire infected birds.

6.2. Sample specimens must be collected, packaged, and stored according to Vietnam National Technical Regulation QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT issued by Circular No. 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT dated October 25, 2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; for throat swab samples and nasal cavity swab samples, they must be preserved in preservative solution, kept at cold conditions around 2°C to 8°C, and immediately transferred to an agricultural testing laboratory recognized by the competent authority.

6.3. Testing method: Conducted according to the avian influenza disease diagnosis procedure specified in Vietnam Standard TCVN 8400-26:2014.

ANNEX 10

GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Introduction to Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

1.1. Concept of the disease

a) Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in livestock is a highly contagious infectious disease affecting even-toed ungulates, caused by viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus. There are seven types of virus: A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, with over 60 subtypes. In Southeast Asia, types O, A, and Asia 1 are commonly found. In Vietnam, types O, A, and Asia 1 have been detected.

b) Viral resistance: The FMD virus is easily destroyed by sunlight and high temperatures (such as boiling at 100°C); it can survive for several months in frozen meat, 5-15 minutes at 60°C, dies quickly at 100°C, and survives for up to 425 days at 0-4°C; the virus is easily destroyed by acidic substances (pH ≤ 3) and strong alkaline substances like lye (pH ≥ 9); the virus can survive for about 07 days in organic waste from animal pens and substances with a mild alkaline pH (pH from 7.2-7.8).

1.2. Sources of the Disease and Transmission Routes

a) Affected species: Animals affected by FMD include even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, deer, etc.;

b) Source of infection: The virus is present in saliva, vesicular fluid, milk, semen, excretions, and secretions of infected animals. According to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), respiratory secretions in humans can retain the virus for 24 to 48 hours. A significant feature is that the FMD virus is often excreted before the animal shows clinical symptoms of the disease. The international reference laboratory for FMD Pirbright (UK) has proven that for type O, pigs excrete the virus 10 days before showing the first clinical signs, cattle and sheep 5 days, on average 2.5 days. Some sources suggest that infected pigs may excrete 400 million infectious units of the FMD virus per day, while ruminants excrete approximately 120 thousand infectious units.

c) Modes of transmission

- Direct transmission: Through contact between susceptible and infected animals when housed together or grazed together on pastures.

- Indirect transmission: Through feed, water, feeding troughs, drinking troughs, pen floors, livestock equipment, hands, feet, clothing of farmers contaminated with the virus. The disease spreads from one region to another, from one country to another across borders through the transport of live animals, animal products in fresh form carrying the pathogen (including frozen meat, skin, bones, horns, hooves, milk).

1.3. Clinical symptoms

The incubation period usually lasts from 2 to 5 days, with a maximum of 21 days. Infected animals show symptoms such as high fever above 40°C, poor appetite or refusal to eat, excessive salivation, foot pain, blisters appearing on the gums, tongue, nostrils, hoof edges, interdigital spaces, and udder tips. When the blisters rupture, they cause mouth ulcers and easily lead to hoof sloughing, especially in pigs.

After 10-15 days of onset, the animal may recover clinically but the pathogen remains in the animal (3-4 weeks for pigs, 2-3 years for cattle, 9 months for sheep, 4 months for goats) and is excreted into the environment, leading to the emergence and spread of the disease.

2. Compulsory vaccination for disease prevention

2.1. Vaccination targets

a) Livestock farms, concentrated livestock breeding facilities: Cattle, pigs, goats, sheep except cases exempted from vaccination as stipulated in Clause 2, Article 4 of this Circular;

b) Small scattered livestock herds in households: Cattle, sow, boar, and other sensitive livestock identified by local veterinary management agencies.

2.2. Scope of vaccination

Vaccination according to the plan of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment[46] and in areas with old outbreaks, high-risk areas determined by local veterinary management agencies.

2.3. Timing of vaccination

a) Organize regular vaccination according to breeding procedures, supplementary vaccination for newly born livestock, herds that have exceeded their protective immunity period, or according to the plan of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment[47], following the plan and guidance of local veterinary management agencies;

b) Dosage and route of administration according to the manufacturer's instructions for the vaccine.

2.4. Based on notifications of circulating FMD virus strains in the field, local veterinary management agencies determine the target groups, scope of vaccination, and vaccine types suitable for preventing and controlling FMD.

2.5. Based on breeding conditions, climate, and characteristics of each region, local veterinary management agencies develop and implement appropriate vaccination plans to ensure effective vaccination.

3. Emergency vaccination when an outbreak occurs

3.1. When an FMD outbreak occurs, emergency vaccination should be organized for healthy livestock in villages, hamlets, and communities where the outbreak occurred; simultaneously, organize ring vaccination for sensitive livestock in villages, hamlets, and communities without outbreaks in the same commune and surrounding communes.

3.2. Mobilize local forces to support vaccination; those directly involved in vaccination must be veterinary staff or individuals trained in vaccination.

3.3. Local veterinary management authorities guide, manage, and supervise the implementation of vaccination.

4. Surveillance of FMD

4.1. Clinical surveillance must be conducted regularly and continuously, particularly for newly introduced livestock, newly bred livestock, livestock in areas with old outbreaks, and high-risk areas determined by local veterinary management agencies.

4.2. Surveillance of viral circulation

Collect sample specimens, throat swabs (probang) to monitor viral circulation, monitor viral mutations, or collect serum samples to monitor natural antibody circulation.

4.3. Post-vaccination surveillance

a) Post-vaccination surveillance to evaluate vaccination results and the immune response of the herd after vaccination;

b) Collect serum samples to test post-vaccination protective antibodies;

c) Sampling time: 21 days after the most recent vaccination.

4.4. Local veterinary management agencies shall develop and submit to the competent authority for approval a proactive prevention and control plan for FMD, including a surveillance plan for FMD, which includes clinical surveillance, viral circulation surveillance, or post-vaccination surveillance. Surveillance is carried out according to the guidelines set forth in Appendix 02 promulgated together with this Circular.

4.5. During the process of monitoring circulation, if livestock tests positive for LMLM, it shall be handled as an LMLM outbreak.

5. Handling of Infected Livestock

5.1. Livestock infected with LMLM shall be handled as follows:

a) For buffaloes, cattle, goats, sheep, deer, and elk: Mandatory destruction of dead animals and infected animals in the first outbreak when initially appearing in villages, hamlets, or groups, or infected animals with new strains of LMLM virus or strains not seen in the locality in the last ten years;

For livestock not falling under the above category, destruction is encouraged; in cases where destruction is not carried out, such animals may be slaughtered and consumed locally or marked and kept under local supervision according to the guidance of the specialized veterinary management agency based on the carrier period of each species (two years for buffalo and cattle, nine months for sheep, four months for goats).

b) For pigs: Mandatory destruction of all symptomatic infected pigs in the outbreak to minimize the risk of disease spread, isolate healthy pigs in the same herd for observation.

c) In areas or facilities recognized as free from LMLM disease, mandatory destruction or slaughter of infected livestock must be carried out, and the outbreak must be handled in accordance with regulations.

5.2. The handling of infected livestock must be immediately implemented upon receiving a positive test result for LMLM or confirmed by the specialized veterinary management agency through inspection and verification.

5.3. The handling of infected livestock shall be conducted in accordance with the guidelines at Appendix 06 issued together with this Circular.

6. Diagnostic testing for the disease

6.1. Specimens for testing the pathogen include vesicular fluid, mucosa around vesicles, epithelium, blood, and probang fluid.

6.2. Specimens must be collected, packaged, and preserved in accordance with Vietnam Technical Regulation QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT issued by Circular No. 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT dated October 25, 2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; specimens should be kept in preservative solution at a temperature of approximately 2°C to 8°C and transferred immediately to an agricultural laboratory recognized by the competent authority.

6.3. Testing method: Conducted according to the diagnostic procedure for LMLM specified in Vietnamese Standard TCVN 8400-1:2010.

APPENDIX 11

GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF BLUE EAR DISEASE
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Introduction to Blue Ear Disease (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome - PRRS)

1.1. Concept of the disease

a) Blue Ear Disease (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome - PRRS) is a dangerous infectious disease in pigs. The causative agent of Blue Ear Disease is a PRRS virus belonging to the genus Arterivirus, family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales, with a single-stranded RNA envelope structure. Currently, based on genetic and antigenic analysis, two types have been identified: Type I includes European strains and Type II includes North American strains. Type II viruses cause more severe illness in Asian countries. Recent studies show that the Blue Ear Disease virus exists in two forms, a classical form with low virulence and a variant form with high virulence, causing significant infections and deaths among pigs.

b) Viral resistance: At environmental conditions with pH less than 5.5 or greater than 6.5, the virus nearly loses its pathogenicity; at 4°C, the virus can survive for 120 hours, at 20°C for 20 hours, at 37°C for 3 hours, and at 56°C for 6 minutes; the virus is easily destroyed by sunlight and common disinfectants such as lime powder, 10% lime water, chlorine, formaldehyde, iodine, etc.

c) Pigs infected with Blue Ear Disease often suffer from reduced immunity, thereby creating conditions for secondary infections by other diseases such as Swine Dysentery, Paratyphoid, Pasteurellosis, E. coli, Streptococcus suis, Mycoplasma, etc., leading to many deaths among sick pigs and significant economic losses for pig farmers.

1.2. Sources of infection and transmission routes

a) Affected species: Pigs of all ages.

c) Modes of transmission

b) Source of infection: The virus is present in nasal discharge, saliva, feces, urine of infected or carrier pigs and spreads to the environment. In sensitive pigs, the virus has a relatively long survival and excretion period: in carrier pigs without clinical symptoms, the virus can be detected in urine for up to 14 days, in feces for about 28-35 days, in serum for 21-23 days, in throat swabs for 56-157 days, in semen after 92 days, and particularly in serum of infected pigs for up to 210 days, the virus can still be found.

- Direct transmission: Through contact between healthy pigs and infected or carrier pigs, or their feces, urine, dust, saliva, or semen containing the virus;

1.3. Clinical symptoms

- Indirect transmission: Through contaminated farming tools, transportation vehicles, and personal protective equipment.

Incubation period ranges from 3 to 40 days, usually around 14 days.

a) Pregnant sows: Infected pigs show poor appetite, fever over 40°C, coughing, and pneumonia. Often experience late-term abortions, premature delivery, false estrus, infertility, or delayed return to estrus after delivery;

b) Sows during farrowing and lactation: Poor appetite, refusal to eat, lethargy, coma, loss of milk production, mastitis, early delivery by 2-3 days, stillbirths, wooden fetuses, newborn piglets dying shortly after birth;

c) Boars: Poor appetite, refusal to eat, fever over 40°C, lethargy, decreased libido, reduced semen volume, poor semen quality, and smaller offspring;

d) Nursing piglets: Many die shortly after birth, survivors are weak, quickly develop hypoglycemia due to inability to nurse, eyes have brown discharge, skin has blisters, severe diarrhea, increased risk of respiratory diseases, splayed legs, and trembling gait;

e) Weaned piglets and growers: Poor appetite, refusal to eat, fever over 40°C, mild coughing, rough hair; some herds may show no symptoms.

1.4. Lesions

The most characteristic lesion is in the lungs: lung necrosis and consolidation characterized by firm, dense (infarcted) patches on the lobes, bronchi filled with inflammatory fluid, the cut surface of diseased lobes protrudes, dry, and the diseased lobe appears grayish-red. Many cases show suppurative bronchopneumonia in the lower lobe. Additionally, hemorrhagic kidneys, swollen and congested palatine tonsils, cerebral congestion, and hemorrhagic mesenteric lymph nodes may be observed.

2.1. Vaccination targets

Boars and breeding sows shall be determined by the local specialized animal health management agency.

2.2. Vaccination scope: Areas with old disease foci and high-risk areas as determined by the local specialized animal health management agency.

2.3. Timing of vaccination

a) Organize regular vaccinations according to the breeding process, supplementary vaccinations for newly formed herds, herds that have exceeded their protective immunity period, or vaccinate according to the guidance of the local specialized animal health management agency.

b) Dosage and route of administration according to the manufacturer's instructions for the vaccine.

2.4. Based on the notification of the circulating strain of African Swine Fever virus at the site, the local specialized animal health management agency shall determine the vaccination targets, scope, and type of vaccine to be used for prevention and control of African Swine Fever.

2.5. Considering the breeding conditions, climate, and characteristics of each region, local veterinary management authorities develop and implement vaccination plans to ensure effectiveness.

2.6. During the vaccination process, the African Swine Fever vaccine (for attenuated vaccines) must not be spilled into the environment. After vaccination, all vaccination equipment must be sterilized, and empty vaccine bottles and vials must be collected and destroyed.

3. Emergency vaccination when an outbreak occurs

3.1. When an African Swine Fever outbreak occurs, vaccination should be organized for susceptible pigs in villages, hamlets, and communes where the disease has occurred; simultaneously, vaccination should be organized to encircle the outbreak area from outside to inside for susceptible pigs in villages, hamlets, and communes without outbreaks within the same commune and neighboring communes around the affected commune.

3.2. Mobilize local forces to support vaccination; those directly involved in vaccination must be veterinary staff or individuals trained in vaccination.

3.3. Local veterinary management authorities guide, manage, and supervise the implementation of vaccination.

4. Surveillance of African Swine Fever

4.1. Clinical surveillance must be conducted continuously and regularly, especially for newly introduced pig herds, herds in areas with old disease foci, and high-risk areas as determined by the local specialized animal health management agency.

4.2. Surveillance of viral circulation

Collect nasal swab fluid, saliva, serum samples from pigs with high fever, or lungs, spleens, lymph nodes from sick, dead, or suspected sick pigs for monitoring the circulation and mutation of the virus.

4.3. Post-vaccination surveillance

a) Post-vaccination surveillance to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination and the immune response of the vaccinated pig herd.

b) Collect serum samples to test post-vaccination protective antibodies;

c) Sampling time: 21 days after the most recent vaccination.

4.4. The local specialized animal health management agency shall develop and submit to the competent authority for approval a proactive plan for preventing and controlling African Swine Fever in pigs, including a surveillance plan for the disease, which includes clinical surveillance, viral circulation surveillance, or post-vaccination surveillance. Surveillance shall be carried out in accordance with the guidelines provided. Appendix 02 promulgated together with this Circular.

4.5. During viral circulation surveillance, if pigs test positive, they shall be treated as if there were an African Swine Fever outbreak.

5. Handling of sick pigs

5.1. Sick pigs with African Swine Fever shall be handled as follows:

a) Immediately destroy pigs that die from the disease.

b) For small, newly occurring outbreaks in the area: Encourage the destruction of sick pigs to minimize the risk of disease spread, isolate healthy pigs in the same herd to monitor them closely; encourage the slaughter and consumption of healthy pigs in the same herd at the location;

c) In cases of widespread outbreaks: Destroy severely sick pigs (severely sick pigs are those that have been intensively cared for and supported to enhance their resistance for seven days but show no signs of recovery), isolate mildly sick pigs strictly for close monitoring of the disease progression; encourage the slaughter and consumption of healthy pigs in the same herd at the location; if not slaughtered, isolate them for close monitoring.

5.2. Handling of sick pigs must be carried out immediately upon receiving a positive test result for African Swine Fever or after being inspected, verified, and concluded by the local specialized animal health management agency.

5.2. Handling of sick pigs shall be carried out in accordance with the guidelines provided. Appendix 06 issued together with this Circular.

6. Diagnostic testing for the disease

6.1. Disease samples include nasal swab fluid, saliva, blood from pigs with high fever, lungs, spleens, lymph nodes from sick, dead, or suspected sick pigs.

6.2. Disease samples must be collected, packaged, and preserved in accordance with Vietnam Technical Regulation QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT issued by Circular No. 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT dated October 25, 2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, kept in preservation solution at a temperature of approximately 2°C to 8°C, and transferred immediately to an agricultural laboratory recognized by the competent authority.

6.3. Testing method: Conducted according to the diagnostic procedure for African Swine Fever specified in Vietnam Standard TCVN 8400-21:2014.

ANNEX 12

GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ANTHRAX
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Introduction to Anthrax Disease

1.1. Concept of the disease

a) Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) is a highly dangerous acute infectious disease affecting warm-blooded animals (cattle, wild animals) and humans. It is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis belonging to the genus Bacillus, family Bacillaceae. When encountering unfavorable conditions outside the host, the bacteria form spores; Anthrax spores can survive for many years in the natural environment; Bacillus anthracis b) Resistance of the bacteria: The Anthrax bacteria are killed at 50°C-55°C for 15-40 minutes, 75°C for 1-2 minutes, and in animal organs for 1-2 weeks. Anthrax spores have very high resistance, surviving boiling at 100°C for 15 minutes, autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes, and drying at 150°C for 60 minutes. Disinfectants such as beta-propiolactone, ethylene oxide, or concentrated disinfectants like 1% formaldehyde for 2 hours, 5% phenol for 24 hours, and strong lime water for 48 hours can kill the bacteria.

a) Affected species: Herbivorous animals such as cattle, horses, goats, sheep, deer, and antelopes; omnivorous animals such as domestic and wild pigs; carnivorous animals such as dogs and cats may also be affected by Anthrax. Humans can be infected through open wounds on the skin, consuming meat from infected animals, or inhaling Anthrax spores in the environment.

1.2. Sources of the Disease and Transmission Routes

b) Sources of infection: Secretions, excretions, blood from the anus, nose, mouth, organs, reproductive organs, bile, urine, milk from infected animals.

b) Source of disease: Excretions, secretions, blood from the anus, nose, mouth, viscera, genital organs, bile, urine, milk of diseased animals;

Outside the environment, particularly at places where diseased animals with Anthrax are buried or where excretions from such animals have contaminated, the Anthrax bacteria will form spores to survive for long periods; earthworms ingest these spores and release them through their feces on the surface; the spores spread far via rainwater, attaching to grass, herbivorous animals, which then ingest the spores; once in the digestive tract, the spores enter the bloodstream through damaged intestinal mucosa (caused by parasites or foreign objects) and develop into bacteria, causing disease. Additionally, healthy animals may inhale dust containing Anthrax spores, which then invade the respiratory tract, develop into Anthrax bacteria, and subsequently infect various organs and tissues within the body.

c) Route of transmission: Primarily through the digestive and respiratory tracts due to healthy animals inhaling or ingesting Anthrax spores during free-range grazing.

1.3. Clinical symptoms

The incubation period typically ranges from 3 to 7 days, with some cases having a shorter incubation period of a few hours to 2 days; pigs have an incubation period of 1 to 2 weeks. Affected livestock with Anthrax usually exhibit symptoms such as protruding tongue, swollen abdomen, protruding anus, and discharge from natural orifices like mouth, nose, anus, and genitalia, consisting of dark-colored mucus mixed with blood that does not clot easily or at all.

a) Ruminants

- Acute form: This form commonly occurs in cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep. The animal has a high fever ranging from 40.5°C to 42.5°C, shivers, rapid breathing or difficulty breathing, red or purplish mucous membranes, grinding teeth, protruding tongue, head drooping, red eyes, staggering gait, inability to stand steadily, and whole-body convulsions. Some cases observe the animal jumping into ponds or charging into thickets, collapsing and dying. Death occurs rapidly after symptoms appear, within one to several hours; many die before showing symptoms. After death, natural orifices (mouth, nostrils, anus, and genitalia) bleed dark blood that does not clot easily. Often, the carcass is observed to be partially stiff.

- Subacute form: This form commonly occurs in cattle, buffalo, sheep, and horses. The animal has a high fever ranging from 40°C to 42°C, rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, dark red mucous membranes. During the fever, the animal suffers constipation; when the body temperature drops, diarrhea occurs, black stools mixed with blood can be observed, urine mixed with blood; pink froth mixed with blood in the mouth and nose; swelling, heat, and pain in the throat, chest, and abdomen; decreased milk production, miscarriage in pregnant animals. Bleeding from natural orifices such as mouth, nose, anus, and genitalia; the animal usually dies within 1 to 3 days.

- Subacute form: This form commonly occurs in dogs, cats, and pigs. The animal contracts the disease through the digestive tract by consuming food contaminated with Anthrax spores. The animal has a high fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation; subcutaneous abscesses appear under the skin of the neck, throat, shoulders, which may spread; thin-skinned areas often swell, become hot, then harden without pain, later the swollen area ulcerates and discharges yellow fluid mixed with little blood; red mucous membranes in the eyes, mouth, and anus.

- Cutaneous form: This form involves Anthrax abscesses in the neck, buttocks, and chest of the animal. Initially, there are hot, painful, swollen areas on the skin, which later cool down, become painless, and the center of the abscess becomes necrotic, sometimes forming deep ulcers with dark red edges, discharging yellow fluid.

b) Horses: Symptoms include fever from 41°C to 42°C, severe abdominal pain, and difficulty breathing. The animal shivers, urine mixed with blood, stools mixed with blood and pus, nose and mouth may bleed, the animal dies quickly, after death the abdomen swells, anus protrudes.

c) Pigs: Swelling of the throat, sometimes extending to the chest, abdomen, and face. The swelling is dark red, purple. Pigs have difficulty swallowing, breathing, and making sounds.

e) Weaned piglets and growers: Poor appetite, refusal to eat, fever over 40°C, mild coughing, rough hair; some herds may show no symptoms.

Main lesions include enlarged and hemorrhagic lymph nodes in the throat, shoulder, and thigh; dark purple meat; enlarged spleen, dark purple and soft like mud; black blood that does not clot in body cavities; numerous dark red ulcers on the skin of the neck, chest, and hips, discharging yellow fluid.

2. Compulsory vaccination for disease prevention

2.1. Vaccination targets: Cattle, buffalo, horses, goats, and sheep.

2.2. Scope of vaccination: Implement Anthrax vaccine vaccination for livestock in areas with previous outbreaks, threatened areas, and high-risk areas identified by specialized veterinary management agencies; continuous vaccination for at least 10 years starting from the year of the last Anthrax outbreak.

2.3. Timing of vaccination

a) Annual single-dose vaccination, additionally, booster vaccinations must be conducted for newly added livestock and herds whose immunity protection period has expired.

b) Dosage and route of administration according to the manufacturer's instructions for the vaccine.

2.4. Based on breeding conditions, climate, and regional characteristics, local specialized veterinary management agencies shall establish and implement vaccination plans appropriately to ensure vaccination effectiveness.

2.5. During the vaccination process, Anthrax vaccine must not be spilled into the environment. After vaccination, all vaccination equipment must be sterilized, and vaccine bottles must be collected and destroyed.

3. Emergency vaccination when an outbreak occurs

3.1. When an Anthrax outbreak occurs, vaccinate cattle, buffalo, horses, goats, and sheep in villages, hamlets, and communes affected by the outbreak; simultaneously, vaccinate surrounding areas in the same commune and adjacent communes to create a containment zone.

3.2. Mobilize local forces to support vaccination; those directly involved in vaccination must be veterinary staff or individuals trained in vaccination.

3.3. Local veterinary management authorities guide, manage, and supervise the implementation of vaccination.

4. Surveillance of Anthrax

Primarily clinical surveillance to detect early cases of Anthrax; clinical surveillance must be conducted regularly and continuously, especially for new livestock introduced to the area, newly raised livestock, and livestock in areas with previous outbreaks and high-risk areas identified by local specialized veterinary management agencies.

5. Handling of infected animals

5.1. It is prohibited to slaughter or butcher animals suspected of being infected with Anthrax.

5.2. Animals sensitive to Anthrax in the same herd as infected animals must be isolated for observation.

5.3. Compulsory destruction of livestock that have died, are sick, or show signs of Anthrax infection according to the guidelines set forth in Appendix 06 this Circular and following these steps:

a) Before transporting the carcass for disposal, thoroughly plug and burn all natural orifices; wrap the carcass tightly to prevent bodily fluids from leaking out; sprinkle lime powder to disinfect.

b) Choose a burial site in a dry location, away from grazing areas, water sources, roads, and residential areas.

c) Sprinkle a layer of lime, preferably unslaked lime, at the bottom of the burial pit before placing the carcass of the animal in the pit;

d) Burn the carcass of the diseased animal in the burial pit; ensure that sufficient fuel is used to completely burn the carcass; sprinkle a layer of lime, preferably unslaked lime, over the burned carcass;

đ) Construct a grave for diseased animals suffering from Anthrax: After burning the carcass, concrete must be poured into the burial pit, and warning signs must be placed indicating "Grave of Anthrax-infected animals! Livestock prohibited"; "Livestock infected with Anthrax! Prohibit grazing livestock", carefully preventing livestock from entering with surrounding barriers;

6. Diagnostic testing for the disease

6.1. The sample of the disease specimen is blood, ear tissue, or spleen tissue of the suspected infected animal.

6.2. Disease specimens must be collected, packaged, and stored according to Vietnam Technical Regulation QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT issued by Circular No. 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT dated October 25, 2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; ensuring no leakage into the environment, stored under cold conditions around 2°C to 8°C, and immediately transferred to an agricultural testing laboratory recognized by the competent authority;

6.3. Testing method: Conducted according to the diagnostic procedure for Anthrax specified in Vietnam Standard TCVN 5274: 2010.

ANNEX 13

GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING SWINE DISEASE
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Introduction to Swine Fever

1.1. Concept of the disease

a) Swine Fever (Classical Swine Fever) is an infectious disease of pigs caused by an RNA virus belonging to the genus Pestivirus viruses, family Flaviviridae, closely related to the virus causing bovine diarrhea and the virus causing Border disease in sheep. To date, only one serotype of the Swine Fever virus has been identified. The disease occurs exclusively in pigs (both domestic and wild) in acute, subacute, chronic, or atypical forms. The severity of the disease depends on the virulence of the virus, the age of the susceptible animal, and the duration of infection. Adult pigs usually suffer less severely and have more chances to recover compared to piglets. Swine Fever spreads very quickly with a mortality rate up to 90% and often coexists with other diseases such as Paratyphoid, Septicemia, Pseudorabies, and diseases caused by Mycoplasma;

b) Viral resistance: The Swine Fever virus has weak resistance but can survive for extended periods outside the host. In animal feces, the virus can survive for several days, and in frozen meat, it can survive for months to years. The virus is easily destroyed by high temperatures and common disinfectants such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 2%, lime water 5%, etc.;

1.2. Sources of the Disease and Transmission Routes

a) Affected species: Pigs of all ages, particularly piglets aged 2-3 months;

b) Source of infection: Excretions, secretions, blood, lymph nodes, and spleens of infected pigs contain the virus. Pigs that recover from the disease continue to excrete the pathogen for up to two months;

c) Modes of transmission

- Direct transmission through contact between sick and healthy pigs.

- Indirect transmission through excretions, feed, water, farming tools, transportation vehicles, or other animals carrying the pathogen.

1.3. Clinical symptoms

The incubation period ranges from 3 to 7 days, and the disease may manifest in one of three forms:

a) Acute form (also known as White Swine Fever): The disease appears suddenly without initial symptoms, pigs become lethargic, stop eating, develop a high fever above 41°C, and die within 24-48 hours, with a mortality rate potentially reaching 100%;

b) Acute form: Pigs become lethargic, lose appetite, have prolonged high fever until near death, red and inflamed eyes with pus, runny nose, yellowish ulcers covering the gums and teeth, vomiting, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat. Initially constipated, then diarrhea with foul-smelling, bloody stools. Hemorrhagic spots appear on the skin, especially on the ears, snout, abdomen, and four legs. At the end stage, pigs suffer from paralysis of the hind legs, walk unsteadily or cannot walk at all. If coexisting with other diseases, symptoms become more severe;

c) Chronic form: Pigs suffer from diarrhea, weight loss, and death due to exhaustion; recovered pigs may carry the virus;

e) Weaned piglets and growers: Poor appetite, refusal to eat, fever over 40°C, mild coughing, rough hair; some herds may show no symptoms.

a) Acute form: Hemorrhage; severe hemorrhage in internal organs, lymph nodes; ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue, digestive tract; septicemia, pulmonary hemorrhage, liver, gallbladder, stomach, particularly in the greater curvature of the stomach; button-like ulcers on the ileocecal valve covered with yellowish pseudomembrane, raised edges; myocardial fat hemorrhage, epicardial hemorrhage; splenic congestion at the edge giving a serrated appearance; kidneys with numerous pinpoint hemorrhages on the cortex and medulla, renal pelvis congestion or clots; hemorrhagic cystitis;

b) Chronic form: Usually seen deep ulcers in the intestines covered with yellowish pseudomembrane; lungs may adhere to the chest wall;

When coexisting with other infectious diseases, symptoms and lesions may vary;

2. Compulsory vaccination for disease prevention

2.1. Vaccination targets

a) Pigs in farms and concentrated breeding facilities, except cases exempted from vaccination as stipulated in Clause 2, Article 4 of this Circular;

b) Small-scale pig herds in households: Breeding sows and boars determined by local veterinary management agencies;

2.2. Vaccination scope: Areas with old outbreaks, high-risk areas determined by local veterinary management agencies;

2.3. Timing of vaccination

a) Organize regular vaccinations according to breeding cycles, supplementary vaccinations for newly formed herds, herds whose immunity has expired, or as directed by local veterinary management agencies;

b) Dosage and route of administration according to the manufacturer's instructions for the vaccine.

2.4. Based on breeding conditions, climate, and regional characteristics, local veterinary management agencies should develop and implement vaccination plans to ensure effectiveness;

2.5. During the vaccination process, swine fever vaccine must not be spilled into the environment. After vaccination, all vaccination equipment must be sterilized, and empty vaccine bottles and vials must be collected and destroyed;

3. Emergency vaccination when an outbreak occurs

3.1. Upon the occurrence of an outbreak, organize vaccinations for susceptible pigs in villages, hamlets, and villages where the disease has occurred; simultaneously organize ring vaccinations from the outside to the inside for susceptible pigs in villages, hamlets, and villages without the disease in the same commune and adjacent communes;

3.2. Mobilize local forces to support vaccination; those directly involved in vaccination must be veterinary staff or individuals trained in vaccination.

3.3. Local veterinary management agencies guide, manage, and supervise the implementation of vaccinations;

4. Surveillance of Swine Fever

4.1. Clinical monitoring must be conducted regularly and continuously, especially for newly raised pig herds, in areas with previous outbreaks, and in high-risk areas as determined by the local veterinary management agency.

4.2. Surveillance of viral circulation

The samples for testing include blood, serum from pigs with high fever, or kidneys, spleens, submandibular lymph nodes, and ileocecal valves from sick pigs, dead pigs, or those showing signs of illness.

4.3. Post-vaccination surveillance

a) Post-vaccination surveillance to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination and the immune response of the vaccinated pig herd.

b) Collect serum samples to test post-vaccination protective antibodies;

c) Sampling time: 21 days after the most recent vaccination.

4.4. The local veterinary management agency shall develop and submit to competent authorities for approval a proactive disease prevention and control plan for African Swine Fever, including a surveillance plan for African Swine Fever, which comprises clinical surveillance, circulation virus surveillance, or post-vaccination surveillance. Such surveillance shall be carried out in accordance with the guidelines set forth at Appendix 02 promulgated together with this Circular.

4.5. During circulation virus surveillance, if pigs test positive, they shall be treated as if there were an African Swine Fever outbreak.

5. Handling of sick pigs

5.1. Pigs infected with African Swine Fever shall be handled as follows:

a) Immediately destroy pigs that die from the disease.

b) For small, newly occurring outbreaks within the area: Encourage the destruction of sick pigs, thorough isolation of healthy pigs for observation; encourage slaughtering and consumption on-site for healthy pigs in the same pen as sick pigs;

c) For widespread outbreaks: Encourage the destruction of severely sick pigs (severely sick pigs are those that have been intensively cared for and supported to enhance their resistance over seven days but show no signs of recovery); isolate and closely monitor mildly sick pigs; encourage slaughtering and consumption on-site for healthy pigs in the same pen as sick pigs that have not been vaccinated against African Swine Fever; in cases where slaughtering is not possible, isolate and observe these pigs.

5.2. Handling of sick pigs must be carried out immediately upon receiving a positive test result for African Swine Fever or after being inspected, verified, and concluded by the local veterinary management agency as being infected with African Swine Fever.

5.3. Handling of sick pigs shall be carried out according to the guidelines provided at Appendix 06 issued together with this Circular.

6. Diagnostic testing for the disease

6.1. Disease specimens include blood, serum from pigs with high fever, or kidneys, spleens, submandibular lymph nodes, and ileocecal valves from sick pigs, dead pigs, or those showing signs of illness.

6.2. Disease specimens must be collected, packaged, and preserved in accordance with Vietnam National Technical Regulation QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT issued by Circular No. 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT dated October 25, 2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; they should be stored under cold conditions between 2°C and 8°C and transferred immediately to an agricultural laboratory recognized by authorized agencies.

6.3. Testing method: Conducted according to the diagnostic procedure for African Swine Fever specified in Vietnam Standard TCVN 5273:2010.

ANNEX 14

GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPIRAL BACTERIA DISEASE
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Introduction to Spiral Bacteria Disease

1.1. Concept of the disease

a) Spiral Bacteria Disease (Leptospirosis) is a zoonotic infectious disease transmitted between animals and humans. It is caused by spiral bacteria Leptospirosis of the species L. interrogans . The primary reservoir hosts are rodents, which can carry the bacteria throughout their lives. Characteristic symptoms include fever, jaundice, yellowing of mucous membranes, bloody urine; hepatitis, nephritis; digestive disorders; pregnant animals may experience miscarriage.

b) Bacterial resistance: Under suitable conditions, spiral bacteria can survive outside the host for several months or years. However, spiral bacteria are weak and sensitive to temperature, being destroyed at 50°C for 10 minutes or 60°C for 5 minutes. Common disinfectants can quickly eliminate spiral bacteria.

1.2. Sources of the Disease and Transmission Routes

a) Affected species: Animals affected include cattle, horses, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, wild animals, rodents, rabbits, humans...

b) Sources of infection: Rodents carrying the bacteria; sick livestock; stagnant water and soil contaminated with urine from infected rodents and livestock.

c) Modes of transmission

- Direct transmission: Through the digestive tract, through damaged skin and mucous membranes; oral, ocular mucosa, and during mating.

- Indirect transmission: Through intermediate hosts such as insects, ticks, flies, mosquitoes, leeches biting sick livestock and transmitting the disease to healthy livestock.

1.3. Clinical symptoms

a) Acute form

- For cattle, goats, sheep:

+ Calves often suffer from acute forms of the disease, initial symptoms include high fever (40.5°C - 41°C), loss of appetite, bloody urine, difficulty breathing due to pulmonary congestion, anemia, gradual weakening leading to death. Urine is yellow.

+ Adult cattle and buffalo exhibit very different symptoms and are difficult to diagnose. Females in lactation show reduced milk production. Milk is usually yellow, with streaks or clots of blood. Udders are soft and flabby.

- For dogs: Incubation period ranges from 4 to 12 days, but can be as short as 2 days. The animal has a fever of 40°C - 41°C, before death, body temperature drops to 36°C - 36.5°C; lethargic, vomiting, shivering, arched back, loss of appetite, reluctance to move, ulcers and necrosis of the tongue and mouth, diarrhea, blood in feces.

- For pigs: The disease commonly occurs in piglets and sows. Newborn piglets show symptoms of fever, convulsions, emaciation, weakness. Sows experience miscarriages, abnormal or reduced appetite, fatigue, preferring corners of the pen; swelling, enlarged heads, narrowed eyes; weak, hoarse or lost voice, erect hair; yellowish urine, slightly viscous, possibly coffee-colored, with blood; yellowing of mucous membranes and skin, severely ill pigs have yellow skin all over; painful eyes with pus, pink color, sometimes blindness; sows after miscarriage typically accept males without signs of estrus for 3-6 weeks.

b) Chronic form

Livestock shows mild fever of 39°C - 39.5°C, pregnant livestock may experience miscarriage, premature birth, infertility; if offspring are born, they are weak; male livestock may show joint inflammation, swollen joints, thin semen, high rate of abnormal sperm.

e) Weaned piglets and growers: Poor appetite, refusal to eat, fever over 40°C, mild coughing, rough hair; some herds may show no symptoms.

In diseased animals, subcutaneous tissue has a yellow color; lungs are edematous, with yellow-colored fluid accumulated in bronchi and alveoli; pericardial fat has a yellow color; bladder is distended, mucosa is heavily hemorrhagic, containing yellow, red, or dark red urine; sometimes the bladder is collapsed and contains no urine; liver is swollen, brownish-yellow, friable, necrotic, infiltrated with lymphocytes and large mononuclear cells, bile duct cells are proliferating, bile duct necrosis, gallbladder is atrophied or distended, bile is thickened like molasses; mesenteric lymph nodes are swollen, edematous; in severe cases, the mesentery degenerates into yellow mucoid tissue; kidneys are pale or yellow, enlarged with white necrotic spots or small hemorrhagic spots on the surface. For aborted fetuses, there are pinhead-sized necrotic spots on the liver, and the body fluids are yellow. In severely diseased pigs, there is a burnt smell upon autopsy.

2. Prevention and control of disease through vaccination

2.1. The local specialized animal health management agency shall identify areas with old foci of disease and high-risk areas, and provide specific guidance on vaccinating animals accordingly.

2.2. When a new outbreak occurs, the local specialized animal health management agency shall determine the target and scope for vaccinating animals to encircle the disease focus appropriately.

3. Surveillance of Leptospirosis

3.1. Clinical surveillance must be conducted continuously and regularly, particularly for newly introduced animals, in areas with old foci of disease, and in high-risk areas identified by the local specialized animal health management agency.

3.2. Surveillance of Leptospirosis

a) Periodic surveillance is applied to cattle, buffalo, goat, dairy goats, dairy cows, and pig breeding stock. Blood and serum samples from these animals are tested for antibodies due to natural infection.

b) Disease surveillance is carried out according to the guidelines set forth in Appendix 02 promulgated together with this Circular.

3.3. The specialized animal health management agency shall develop and submit to the competent authority for approval a proactive plan to prevent and control Leptospirosis, including a surveillance plan for Leptospirosis.

3.4. During the surveillance of Leptospirosis, animals testing positive shall be handled in accordance with regulations.

4. Handling of Diseased Animals

4.1. Animals infected with Leptospirosis shall be handled as follows:

a) Immediately destroy animals that die from the disease.

b) For sick animals: isolate and treat them according to the guidance of the specialized animal health management agency. If the animal is severely ill and unable to recover, it must be destroyed.

c) Healthy animals in the same herd must be isolated for care and observation of the disease progression.

4.2. Handling of sick animals must be carried out immediately upon receiving a positive test result for Leptospirosis or when the local specialized animal health management agency inspects, verifies, and concludes that the animal is infected with Leptospirosis.

4.3. The destruction of diseased animals shall be carried out according to the guidelines set forth in Appendix 06 issued together with this Circular.

5. Diagnostic Testing for the Disease

5.1. Specimens include serum from animals, or blood, urine, liver, and kidney from diseased, dead, or suspected diseased animals.

5.2. Specimens must be collected, packaged, and preserved according to Vietnam National Technical Regulation QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT issued by Circular No. 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT dated October 25, 2011 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; they must be placed in sterile bottles sealed with labels indicating the specimen taken, stored at approximately 2°C to 8°C, and transferred to an agricultural laboratory recognized by the competent authority as soon as possible.

5.3. Testing Method: Conducted according to the diagnostic procedure for Leptospirosis specified in Vietnam Standard TCVN 8400-15:2011.

ANNEX 15

GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL RABIES
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

1. Introduction to Rabies

1.1. Concept of the disease

a) Rabies (Rabies virus) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the Lyssavirus genus within the Rhabdoviridae family. It is an acute viral infection affecting warm-blooded animals. Lyssa and Vesiculo belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae. After being infected with the rabies virus, the incubation period varies depending on the species, virulence of the virus, and location of the bite. The virus multiplies in the body and moves towards the nervous system, destroying neural tissue, causing erratic behavior, and ultimately leading to death. The incubation period in animals can range from several days to several months, but before 10 days prior to onset of symptoms, the virus can infect humans and other animals. The virus is present in the saliva of dogs, cats, and other infected animals, even before clinical signs appear.

b) Viral resistance: The virus is weakly resistant and can be inactivated at 56°C for 30 minutes, 60°C for 5-10 minutes, and 70°C for 2 minutes. The virus loses its pathogenicity under sunlight and common disinfectants at concentrations of 2-5%. Under cold conditions at 4°C, the virus can survive for several weeks to up to 12 months, while below 0°C, it can survive for 3 to 4 years. The rabies virus primarily persists in the host's body.

1.2. Sources of the Disease and Transmission Routes

a) Affected species: Warm-blooded animals, mainly dogs and cats.

b) Source of infection: The main carriers are dogs (over 90%), pet cats, and wild animals such as wolves, jackals, raccoons, skunks, foxes, and some mammals like pandas, vampire bats, and insectivorous bats.

c) Modes of transmission: The virus enters the body through bites, licking, scratches, damaged skin, and open wounds.

1.3. Clinical symptoms

a) Incubation period: The incubation period for rabies can vary from several days to several months, depending on the location of the bite. Most cases manifest between 21 to 30 days after infection.

b) Clinical manifestations: These are typically divided into two forms: furious rabies and paralytic rabies. In practice, many dogs exhibit both forms alternately, initially showing signs of furious rabies, becoming agitated, then transitioning to a state of inhibition and paralysis.

- Furious rabies: Divided into three stages

+ Prodromal stage: Infected dogs show unusual behavior such as hiding in dark corners, being shy, approaching their owners reluctantly or excessively enthusiastically, occasionally whimpering or howling, or being restless and snapping at the air.

+ The frenzied period: motor reflexes are strongly stimulated, fiercely biting and barking at strangers, overly enthusiastic when called by the owner, jumping up and barking at the slightest sound. The wound from the bite itches, causing the dog to lick or bite itself, leading to hair loss and bleeding. The dog stops eating, has difficulty swallowing, fever, dilated pupils, shows signs of thirst but cannot swallow, begins drooling, foaming at the mouth, appears restless, alert, fearful, bites randomly, easily startled, walks aimlessly, becomes fierce and frenzied (2-3 days after onset of symptoms). The animal leaves home and usually does not return; on the way, it bites and gnaws at anything strange, eats indiscriminately, attacks other dogs, including people.

+ The paralysis period: the dog becomes paralyzed, unable to eat or drink, with lower jaw and tongue paralysis causing the jaw to hang down and the tongue to protrude, saliva dripping, hind legs becoming increasingly paralyzed; the dog dies within 3-7 days after the first symptoms appear due to respiratory muscle paralysis and exhaustion from inability to eat or drink.

The furious form of rabies only accounts for about one quarter of rabid dog cases, the rest being the dumb form.

- The dumb form: this is a type of disease without the typical signs of a rabid frenzy such as usually seen; the animal only shows signs of depression. The animal may be paralyzed in part of the body, half of the body, or both hind legs, but usually it is jaw muscle paralysis, causing the jaw to hang down and the tongue to protrude; saliva drips continuously, the animal cannot bite or bark, only growling in the throat. This process progresses over 2-3 days.

Generally, the dumb form progresses faster than the furious form, typically within 2-3 days because the spinal cord of the diseased animal is affected by the virus, causing early disruption of circulation and respiration.

Cats are less likely to contract rabies than dogs; rabies in cats progresses similarly to that in dogs. Cats often hide in secluded places or meow anxiously like during estrus; when touched, they bite strongly and fiercely, creating deep wounds.

1.4. Gross lesions in rabid dogs are not typical; only an empty stomach or foreign objects are observed. Microscopic lesions in the Ammon horn of the brain include characteristic Negri bodies, which can be detected through fluorescent microscopy.

2. Regulations on managing pet dogs and cats to prevent Rabies

2.1. For pet owners (referred to collectively as pet owners)

a) Must register dog ownership with the People's Committee of the commune in urban areas or densely populated areas;

b) Tie, confine, or keep dogs within the family compound; ensure environmental hygiene, not adversely affecting surrounding people. When taking dogs to public places, ensure safety for surrounding people by putting a muzzle on the dog or tying it up and having someone lead it;

c) Centralized dog breeding must ensure veterinary hygiene conditions, not cause noise or adversely affect surrounding people;

d) Comply with rabies vaccination requirements for dogs and cats as prescribed;

đ) Bear all costs in case of stray dogs caught, including costs for care and destruction of dogs. In cases where dogs or cats bite or scratch people, pet owners must compensate the victims according to the law.

2.2. For the People's Committee of the commune

a) Establish a record of managed pet dogs in the area including the following information:

- Name and address of the pet owner;

- Number of dogs owned;

- Date of rabies vaccine injection.

b) Annually before the vaccination campaign, review, tally, and update information on the dog population in the area;

c) Specify the procedures for capturing stray dogs in public places under its jurisdiction; establish specialized teams to capture stray dogs and animals showing signs of rabies; announce on mass media the temporary holding locations for captured dogs so that pet owners can claim them; apply administrative penalties against pet owners; decide on the disposal of captured dogs if no one claims them within 48 hours after announcement;

d) Coordinate with local veterinary management agencies to organize training for team members on capturing stray dogs and animals showing signs of rabies;

đ) Coordinate with health authorities to organize rabies vaccinations for team members according to health regulations.

3. Compulsory prevention by vaccination

3.1. Compulsory vaccination targets: Dogs and cats.

3.2. Vaccination schedule

a) Conduct annual main vaccination campaigns in March-April. Additionally, monthly supplementary vaccinations must be administered to newly emerged dog and cat populations or those whose immunity has expired.

b) Dosage and administration follow the manufacturer's instructions for the vaccine.

3.3. Scope of vaccination: Vaccinate the dog and cat population identified by the local veterinary management agency, ensuring at least 70% coverage of the total population.

3.4. The People's Committee of the commune is responsible for coordinating with the local veterinary management agency to organize rabies vaccination campaigns for dogs and cats in the area. Seven days prior to the vaccination campaign and during its implementation, the People's Committee of the commune must daily announce on mass media the location and date of vaccination for the community.

3.5. The local veterinary management agency provides specific guidance on rabies vaccination in the area, implements vaccinations, monitors the vaccination process, and issues a Certificate of Rabies Vaccination to pet owners whose dogs and cats have been vaccinated.

4. Emergency response to rabies outbreaks

4.1. The competent authority shall declare the outbreak in accordance with Article 26 of the Law on Animal Health.

4.2. Emergency vaccination to contain the outbreak

a) Administer emergency rabies vaccinations to all healthy dogs and cats in the commune with the rabies outbreak and adjacent communes.

b) Mobilize local forces to support vaccination; those directly involved in vaccination must be veterinary staff or trained in rabies vaccination.

c) The local veterinary management agency guides, manages, implements, and supervises the vaccination process.

d) The People's Committee of the commune organizes rabies vaccinations for dogs and cats to contain the outbreak.

4.3. The People's Committees at all levels shall be responsible for performing the tasks prescribed in Article 9 of the Law on Animal Health. Organizations and individuals related to such tasks shall be responsible for implementing preventive and control measures as stipulated in Articles 25, 27, 28, 29, and 30 of the Law on Animal Health.

4.4. Persons participating in handling rabies outbreaks must use appropriate personal protective equipment (including eye protection goggles, medical masks, gloves, boots, and protective clothing) according to the guidelines of health authorities.

5. Rabies Surveillance

5.1. Clinical surveillance is the primary measure aimed at early detection of rabies cases in animals.

5.2. The main subjects of surveillance are dog populations in areas with previous rabies outbreaks, high-risk areas, and areas where dogs suspected of having rabies have caused human deaths due to rabies seizures.

5.3. Pet owners are responsible for regularly monitoring and supervising their family’s dogs and cats. If they notice any unusual biting or scratching behavior or attacks on other animals, they must isolate the animal and immediately report it to local authorities or the nearest specialized livestock and animal health management agency. [48]5.4. Local specialized animal health management agencies shall identify areas with previous rabies outbreaks and high-risk areas for rabies outbreaks, coordinate with relevant health sector agencies to develop, submit for approval by competent authorities, and implement rabies surveillance plans in their respective jurisdictions.

6. Handling Animals When a Rabies Outbreak Occurs

6.1. Animals suffering from rabies or showing signs of rabies shall be handled as follows:

a) Mandatory destruction of dead animals and animals suffering from rabies.

b) Encouraging the destruction of dogs and cats showing signs of rabies; if not destroyed, they must be isolated and observed for 14 days; if rabies symptoms appear, they must be destroyed according to regulations.

c) Encouraging the destruction of unvaccinated dogs and cats that have come into contact with rabid dogs and cats; if not destroyed, they must be isolated and observed for 14 days; if rabies symptoms appear, they must be destroyed according to regulations.

d) Dogs and cats that bite or scratch people without cause must be isolated and observed for 14 days; if rabies symptoms appear, they must be destroyed according to regulations.

6.2. Healthy dogs and cats in areas affected by rabies outbreaks must be confined during the outbreak period.

6.3. The handling of rabies-infected animals must be carried out immediately upon receiving positive test results for rabies or when the local specialized animal health management agency has inspected, verified, and concluded that the animal is infected with rabies.

6.4. The disposal of rabies-infected animals shall be conducted in accordance with the guidance provided at

7. Diagnostic Testing for Rabies Appendix 06 issued together with this Circular.

7.1. Specimen type: Heads of rabid dogs and cats that have died.

7.2. Sampling technique

a) Individuals collecting samples for rabies testing must use personal protective equipment including thick gloves or three-layered gloves, eye protection goggles, medical masks, aprons, and rubber boots.

b) Secure the head of the carcass of the dog or cat, then cut off the head at the first cervical vertebra behind the neck using a knife.

7.3. Packaging and storage: Wrap in three layers of plastic and place in an insulated box with ice packs for preservation; label and clearly mark the specimen collected. Immediately transfer the specimen to a laboratory recognized by authorized agencies. The specimen must be sent along with a sample submission form detailing the disease history, symptoms, and epidemiological characteristics. If immediate testing is not possible, store the specimen in a refrigerator at 2°C to 8°C for up to 48 hours.

7.4. The Livestock Production and Animal Health Department

provides specific guidelines for sampling procedures and diagnostic testing for rabies.[49] ANNEX 16

GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE

1. Introduction to Newcastle Disease
(Annexed to Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT dated May 31, 2016 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development)

a) Newcastle Disease (Newcastle) is a highly infectious disease affecting poultry (chickens and various types of birds) of all ages. It often occurs concurrently with other poultry diseases, leading to high mortality rates and significant economic losses. Newcastle Disease was first identified in 1926 in Newcastle, northeast England, and has since spread across continents, including Vietnam.

1.1. Concept of the Disease

b) Newcastle Disease is caused by a virus belonging to the genusAvulavirusof the family

Paramyxoviridae . The virus causing Newcastle Disease has a single-stranded RNA genome structure. The viral genome contains approximately 16,000 nucleotides. The virus replicates in the cytoplasm of host cells., family c) Based on clinical symptoms, Newcastle Disease can be classified into four main forms, including: highly virulent visceral form (Viscerotropic velogenic)

, highly virulent neurotropic form (Neurotropic velogenic), moderately virulent form(Mesogenic), and low virulent form(Lentogenic). Highly virulent Newcastle Disease viruses can cause death in poultry within a short time even before clinical symptoms appear. Unvaccinated flocks may suffer up to 100% mortality.d) Viral resistance: Newcastle Disease virus is easily destroyed at high temperatures, being eliminated in 30 minutes at 70°C, 5 minutes at 75°C, and 1 minute at 80°C. In alkaline or acidic environments or under direct sunlight, the virus is easily destroyed. At low temperatures, the virus can survive for extended periods, up to several weeks, in organic environments such as feces, excretions, or on the feathers of diseased poultry. Common disinfectants readily destroy the virus.1.2. Sources of the disease and transmission routes

a) Affected species: Various types of chickens and quails.

b) Transmission routes

- Direct transmission: The Newcastle Disease virus typically spreads through direct contact between sick and healthy poultry. The virus is excreted through feces, secretions from the eyes, nose, mouth, or through the breath of sick poultry.

- Indirect transmission: The virus can also spread through the carcasses of sick poultry, eggshells, farming tools, feed and water, farm waste, footwear, or clothing of farmers carrying the virus.

Incubation period: The average incubation period is 5 to 6 days, but it can range from 2 to 15 days.

1.3. Clinical symptoms

The severity of the disease depends on various factors such as the virulence of the virus strain, the species affected, age, and immunity. Main clinical symptoms include:

a) Mild form, respiratory form: Common symptoms include sneezing, difficulty breathing, coughing, nasal discharge, swelling around the eyes and neck, diarrhea, and white-green or white-colored droppings.

a) Mild form, respiratory form: Common symptoms include sneezing, difficulty breathing, coughing, runny nose, swelling in the eye and neck areas, diarrhea, white or light green colored stools;

b) Severe form: Common symptoms include nervous exhaustion, physical weakness, muscle tremors, wing flapping, head and neck tilting, circling, paralysis of legs, total body paralysis, reduced egg production, thin-shelled eggs, sudden death; mortality rate may reach up to 100%.

e) Weaned piglets and growers: Poor appetite, refusal to eat, fever over 40°C, mild coughing, rough hair; some herds may show no symptoms.

Thick turbid airsac inflammation, tracheitis with hemorrhage, necrotic patches in the glandular stomach, intestines, and mesenteric lymph nodes; pinpoint hemorrhages in the glandular stomach, concentrated around the pylorus; swelling, hemorrhage, or atrophy of the oviduct in laying hens.

2. Compulsory vaccination for disease prevention

2.1. Compulsory vaccination targets: all types of chickens and quails.

a) Poultry farms, centralized chicken and quail breeding facilities, except cases exempted from vaccination as stipulated in Clause 2, Article 4 of this Circular.

b) Small-scale poultry breeding households: Chickens and quails identified by local veterinary management agencies.

2.2. Scope of disease prevention: Areas with previous outbreaks, high-risk zones determined by local veterinary management agencies.

2.3. Timing of vaccination

a) Organize vaccinations according to the breeding cycle and periodically boost newly introduced flocks, flocks that have lost immunity protection, or follow the guidance of local veterinary management authorities;

b) Dosage and route of vaccine administration according to the manufacturer's instructions.

2.4. Based on livestock rearing conditions, climate, and regional characteristics, local veterinary management agencies shall develop and implement vaccination disease prevention plans that ensure effectiveness.

3. Emergency use of vaccines when an outbreak occurs

3.1. Organize the use of vaccines for poultry in villages, hamlets, and villages where the disease has occurred; simultaneously use vaccines to encircle the outbreak area from outside to inside for poultry in villages, hamlets, and villages without the disease within the same commune and surrounding communes adjacent to the affected commune.

3.2. Mobilize local forces to support vaccination; those directly involved in vaccination must be veterinary staff or individuals trained in vaccination.

3.3. Local veterinary management agencies shall guide, manage, implement, and supervise the use of vaccines for disease prevention.

4. Newcastle Disease Surveillance

4.1. Clinical surveillance must be conducted regularly and continuously, especially for newly introduced poultry, poultry in areas with previous outbreaks, and high-risk areas.

4.2. Viral circulation monitoring: Collect samples of nasal and pharyngeal swabs, cloacal swabs, fresh feces, and diseased tissue samples to monitor Newcastle virus circulation.

4.3. Post-vaccination surveillance (mainly applied in breeding farms)

a) Post-vaccination surveillance to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination and the immune response of vaccinated poultry;

b) Collect serum samples for post-vaccination antibody testing. c) Sampling time: 21 days after the most recent vaccination.

4.4. Local veterinary management agencies shall develop and submit to competent authorities for approval a proactive disease control plan for Newcastle disease, including a surveillance plan for Newcastle disease. Viral circulation monitoring and post-vaccination surveillance shall be carried out in accordance with the guidelines provided. Appendix 02 promulgated together with this Circular.

5. Handling of infected poultry

5.1. Newcastle disease-infected poultry shall be handled as follows:

a) Tiêu hủy ngay gia cầm chết, gia cầm mắc bệnh; cách ly gia cầm khỏe mạnh trong cùng đàn để chăm sóc nuôi dưỡng;

b) Khuyến khích giết mổ tiêu thụ tại chỗ đối với gia cầm khỏe mạnh trong cùng đàn với gia cầm mắc bệnh, trường hợp không giết mổ phải nuôi cách ly để theo dõi.

5.2. Việc xử lý gia cầm mắc bệnh phải được thực hiện ngay khi có kết quả xét nghiệm dương tính với bệnh Niu-cát-xơn hoặc được cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương kiểm tra, xác minh và kết luận gia cầm bị mắc bệnh Niu-cát-xơn.

5.3. Việc xử lý tiêu hủy gia cầm mắc bệnh theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 06 được ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

6. Chẩn đoán xét nghiệm bệnh

6.1. Mẫu bệnh phẩm dùng để phát hiện mầm bệnh Niu-cát-xơn là dịch ngoáy hầu họng, dịch ngoáy ổ nhớp, mẫu phân tươi, đầu, cơ quan nội tạng của gia cầm mắc bệnh hoặc nguyên con gia cầm mắc bệnh.

6.2. Mẫu bệnh phẩm phải được lấy, bao gói và bảo quản theo Quy chuẩn Việt Nam QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT được ban hành theo Thông tư số 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2011 của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn; bảo quản ở nhiệt độ mát từ 2°C đến 8°C và chuyển ngay về phòng thử nghiệm nông nghiệp được cơ quan có thẩm quyền công nhận.

6.3. Bệnh Niu-cát-xơn cần được chẩn đoán phân biệt với các bệnh gia cầm khác như cúm gia cầm, CRD, viêm thanh khí quản, viêm phế quản truyền nhiễm, nấm do Mycoplasma, đậu gia cầm (thể bạch hầu), hội chứng giảm đẻ (EDS-76).

6.4. Phương pháp xét nghiệm: Thực hiện theo quy trình chẩn đoán bệnh Niu-cát-xơn quy định tại Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam TCVN 8400-4: 2011.

PHỤ LỤC 17

HƯỚNG DẪN PHÒNG, CHỐNG BỆNH LIÊN CẦU KHUẨN LỢN
(Ban hành kèm theo Thông tư số 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 31 tháng 5 năm 2016 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn)

1. Giới thiệu về bệnh Liên cầu khuẩn lợn

1.1. Khái niệm bệnh

a) Bệnh Liên cầu khuẩn lợn (Streptoccocus suis) là bệnh lây truyền giữa động vật và người. Ở lợn, bệnh do vi khuẩn Streptoccocus suis (Str. suis) gây ra. Đặc trưng lâm sàng của bệnh là nhiễm trùng huyết, viêm màng não, viêm khớp và viêm phế quản phổi. Có hai típ gây bệnh là Str. suis típ 1 và Str. suis típ 2. Vi khuẩn Str. suis típ 2 có khả năng gây bệnh cho người. Vi khuẩn Str. suis típ 2 còn gây ra nhiều ổ dịch viêm màng não ở lợn con 10-14 ngày sau cai sữa. Gần đây, bệnh hay xảy ra ở lợn sau cai sữa chăn nuôi tập trung với mật độ cao. Nhiều trường hợp bệnh xảy ra đối với lợn sau cai sữa và lợn vỗ béo do liên quan đến yếu tố stress như vận chuyển, xáo trộn đàn, mật độ quá cao và không đủ thông gió.

b) Sức đề kháng của vi khuẩn: Vi khuẩn Str.suis có thể tồn tại lâu trong phân, nước, rác; có thể sống trong phân ở nhiệt độ 0°C tới 104 ngày, ở 9°C trong 10 ngày, ở 22°C đến 25°C trong 8 ngày. Vi khuẩn bị vô hoạt nhanh chóng bằng các thuốc sát trùng dùng phổ biến ở các trại chăn nuôi, nước xà phòng nồng độ 1/500 có thể diệt vi khuẩn trong vòng 1 phút. Vi khuẩn có thể sống trong xác lợn chết ở 40°C trong 6 tuần.

1.2. Nguồn bệnh và đường truyền lây

a) Loài mắc: Lợn ở mọi lứa tuổi đều có thể mắc bệnh, hay gặp nhất là lợn con từ 5 đến 10 tuần tuổi.

b) Nguồn bệnh: Phân, sản phẩm của lợn sau giết mổ, đường sinh dục của lợn cái mắc bệnh có chứa vi khuẩn.

c) Đường truyền lây

- Bệnh lây lan trong đàn do tiếp xúc giữa lợn khỏe và lợn bệnh. Lợn mẹ bị bệnh truyền sang con. Bệnh còn có thể lây qua đường hô hấp, đây là đường lây truyền có ý nghĩa quan trọng do số lượng vi khuẩn trong môi trường rất lớn. Ngoài ra bệnh còn có thể lây truyền qua dụng cụ chăn nuôi và một số nhân tố trung gian như ruồi, một số loài chim và vật mang khác.

- Vi khuẩn khu trú ở đường hô hấp trên của lợn khỏe mạnh, các hốc của hạch amidan, sau đó xâm nhập vào hệ tuần hoàn và gây bệnh. Lợn con thường bị chết do nhiễm trùng máu cấp tính, lợn lớn hơn thì vi khuẩn có thể khu trú ở các xoang hoạt dịch, nội tâm mạc, mắt, màng não. Thời gian nhiễm khuẩn huyết là giai đoạn quan trọng trong quá trình phát sinh viêm màng não do Str. suis (típ 2). Những mẫu vi khuẩn Str. suis (típ 2) gây bệnh phân lập được là loại có vỏ bọc và đề kháng khá cao với thực bào. Vi khuẩn có thể sống và nhân lên trong đại thực bào, có thể xâm nhập vào dịch não tủy thông qua bạch cầu đơn nhân di chuyển qua lưới mao mạch.

1.3. Triệu chứng lâm sàng

a) Lợn 2 đến 6 tuần tuổi thường mắc bệnh thể viêm màng não và viêm khớp xảy ra riêng rẽ hoặc kết hợp; lợn con bị nhiễm trong cùng một ô chuồng thường mắc bệnh nặng hơn. Con vật sốt cao, thường sốt tới 42,5°C. Bỏ ăn, sưng hầu, mệt mỏi, ủ rũ, khó nuốt và cơ thể suy sụp. Giai đoạn đầu của bệnh, con vật có triệu chứng thần kinh, co giật cơ, mất cân bằng, hoạt động khó khăn, đi lại loạng choạng, xiêu vẹo, bước đi cứng nhắc, tai xuôi ép về phía thân, nằm nghiêng một bên, chân đạp bơi chèo rồi chết. Mắt có thể bị mù, co giật cầu mắt. Một số trường hợp viêm rốn, viêm nội tâm mạc.

b) Trong các đợt dịch viêm màng não do Str. suis (típ 2), có một hoặc nhiều con có biểu hiện chết đột ngột mà không có triệu chứng của bệnh, những con còn sống đi lại loạng choạng hoặc không đứng được. Ngoài ra còn thấy viêm van tim ở lợn 13 tuần tuổi nuôi vỗ béo ở trại lợn đã từng có bệnh viêm màng não do Str.suis.

Vi khuẩn có thể nuôi cấy từ dịch khớp, dịch não tủy, máu, mô não, phổi, mẫu swab đường hô hấp trên và từ hạch amidan của lợn khỏe.

1.4. Bệnh tích

Lợn chết do Str. suis (típ 2) có bệnh tích đại thể và vi thể bao gồm bại huyết, viêm khớp, viêm phổi và màng phổi xuất huyết hoặc viêm tơ huyết, viêm màng não mủ, viêm cơ tim thoái hóa xuất huyết, viêm van tim hai lá, viêm nội tâm mạc hóa mủ, ngoài ra còn viêm âm đạo và sảy thai. Trong trường hợp viêm màng não, dịch não tủy bị đục, xung huyết và viêm màng não tích tụ thể trắng, ổ mủ ở vùng dưới nhện. Hầu hết các trường hợp lưới võng mạc nội mô bị ảnh hưởng nặng, các mạch máu ở tâm thất, não và tủy sống bị tắc nghẽn do dịch thẩm xuất, nhiều khi gây ra phù não. Mô thần kinh của tủy sống, tiểu não và cuống não có thể bị thoái hóa dạng lỏng.

2. Phòng bệnh bằng vắc-xin

Hiện chưa có vắc-xin phòng bệnh Liên cầu khuẩn lợn, biện pháp phòng bệnh chủ yếu là vệ sinh thú y, chăm sóc, nuôi dưỡng và quản lý đàn.

3. Giám sát bệnh Liên cầu khuẩn lợn (típ 2)

3.1. Đối tượng giám sát bệnh định kỳ: Lợn nái, đực giống do cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y xác định.

3.2. Chủ yếu là giám sát lâm sàng và lấy mẫu dịch ngoáy mũi hoặc amidan để phân lập vi khuẩn; lấy mẫu hạch, phủ tạng (tim, phổi, gan, lách), máu, não, khớp và dịch rỉ viêm của lợn bị chết nghi do mắc bệnh Liên cầu khuẩn để giám sát vi khuẩn.

3.3. Khi phát hiện có vi khuẩn Liên cầu khuẩn lợn (típ 2) phải báo ngay cho cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương để tiến hành xác minh, truy xuất nguồn gốc lợn và giám sát bổ sung.

3.4. Cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y xây dựng, trình cấp có thẩm quyền phê duyệt Kế hoạch giám sát bệnh Liên cầu khuẩn lợn (típ 2). Việc giám sát được thực hiện theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 02 ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

4. Xử lý lợn mắc bệnh

4.1. Lợn bị mắc bệnh Liên cầu khuẩn lợn (típ 2) được xử lý như sau:

a) Tiêu hủy lợn chết; cách ly, điều trị đối với lợn mắc bệnh theo hướng dẫn của chuyên môn thú y.

b) Khuyến khích giết mổ đối với lợn khỏe mạnh trong cùng ô chuồng với lợn mắc bệnh Liên cầu khuẩn lợn (típ 2), trường hợp không giết mổ phải nuôi cách ly để theo dõi.

4.2. Việc xử lý lợn mắc bệnh phải được thực hiện ngay khi có kết quả xét nghiệm dương tính với Liên cầu khuẩn lợn (típ 2).

4.3. Việc xử lý tiêu hủy lợn mắc bệnh theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 06 được ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

5. Chẩn đoán xét nghiệm bệnh

5.1. Mẫu bệnh phẩm là các phủ tạng (tim, phổi, gan, lách), máu (thể nhiễm trùng huyết), não, khớp và dịch rỉ viêm của lợn nghi mắc bệnh.

5.2. Mẫu bệnh phẩm phải được lấy, bao gói và bảo quản theo Quy chuẩn Việt Nam QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT được ban hành theo Thông tư số 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2011 của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn; bảo quản ở nhiệt độ mát từ 2°C đến 8°C và chuyển ngay về phòng thử nghiệm nông nghiệp được cơ quan có thẩm quyền công nhận.

5.3. Phương pháp xét nghiệm: Thực hiện theo quy trình chẩn đoán bệnh Liên cầu khuẩn lợn quy định tại Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam TCVN 8400-2:2010.

PHỤ LỤC 18

HƯỚNG DẪN PHÒNG, CHỐNG BỆNH GIUN XOẮN
(Ban hành kèm theo Thông tư số 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 31 tháng 5 năm 2016 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn)

1. Giới thiệu về bệnh Giun xoắn (còn gọi là bệnh Giun bao)

1.1. Khái niệm bệnh

a) Bệnh Giun xoắn (Trichinelliasis) là một bệnh chung giữa lợn, lợn rừng, chó, chuột và người. Bệnh phân bố rộng ở hầu hết các nước trên thế giới. Bệnh gây ra do loài giun tròn Trichinella spiralis ký sinh ở ruột non của lợn và ấu trùng ký sinh ở cơ và tổ chức của lợn. Ấu trùng giun xoắn ký sinh tại các tổ chức cơ, được bọc bởi màng bao tạo thành kén (giun bao). Màng kén của ấu trùng có 2 lớp, màu trong, hình bầu dục hoặc hình tròn tùy loại vật chủ khác nhau.

b) Sức đề kháng: Ấu trùng giun xoắn có khả năng tồn tại ở môi trường bên ngoài; ở trong kén, ấu trùng giun xoắn có sức đề kháng rất cao; trong thịt súc vật đã thối rửa, ấu trùng có thể sống được từ 2 đến 5 tháng trong kén. Nếu ra khỏi kén, ấu trùng sẽ chết nhanh chóng ở nhiệt độ 45°C đến 70°C. Ở nhiệt độ - 20°C, ấu trùng chết sau 20 ngày.

1.2. Nguồn bệnh và đường truyền lây

a) Loài mắc: Lợn, lợn rừng, chó, mèo, hổ, báo, cầy, chuột và người ở các lứa tuổi đều có thể nhiễm giun xoắn nếu như ăn phải nang kén của ấu trùng giun xoắn còn sống có trong thịt lợn, thịt thú rừng, sản phẩm thịt chưa qua chế biến kỹ như nem, chạo, thịt hun khói.

b) Nguồn bệnh: Thịt lợn, thịt thú rừng, sản phẩm thịt chưa qua chế biến kỹ như nem, chạo, thịt hun khói có mang nang kén của ấu trùng giun xoắn còn sống.

c) Đường truyền lây

Bệnh lây truyền qua đường tiêu hóa do ăn phải kén giun xoắn trong thịt, phân của động vật mắc bệnh. Người, lợn, chó, chuột ăn phải thịt có ấu trùng giun xoắn không nấu chín như nem chua, chạo, thịt tai thì ấu trùng vào đến ruột sẽ chui ra khỏi bao kén, phát triển thành giun trưởng thành. Lợn, chó, chuột và người vừa là vật chủ trung gian khi mang nang kén của giun xoắn, vừa là vật chủ cuối cùng khi có giun xoắn trưởng thành ký sinh trong ruột non.

1.3. Triệu chứng lâm sàng

Giun xoắn trưởng thành ký sinh trong ruột, chui vào niêm mạc, khi sinh sản gây tổn thương niêm mạc làm cho vật chủ đau bụng dữ dội, kích thích nhu động dạ dày, ruột làm cho vật chủ nôn mửa, ỉa chảy. Có thể có viêm ruột cấp. Giun xoắn trong quá trình ký sinh tiết ra độc tố, kích thích thần kinh trung ương và kích thích niêm mạc ruột, làm cho quá trình viêm ruột trầm trọng thêm. Ấu trùng giun xoắn tạo thành các nang kén trong cơ, chèn ép và gây tắc các mạch máu nhỏ, gây các u máu nhỏ chèn ép thần kinh vận động, gây liệt cơ. Nếu giun xoắn có ở não sẽ gây ra trạng thái bại liệt cho động vật hoặc người bị nhiễm giun xoắn. Các trường hợp nặng thường gây tử vong cho động vật và người.

1.4. Bệnh tích

a) Giun xoắn trưởng thành ký sinh ở niêm mạc ruột gây tổn thương niêm mạc ruột và gây viêm ruột cấp, làm bong tróc niêm mạc.

b) Ấu trùng giun xoắn ký sinh ở các tổ chức cơ, tạo ra các nang kén, gây chèn ép mạch máu và tắc mạch máu, gây chèn ép thần kinh vận động có thể làm liệt từng bộ phận trong cơ thể.

2. Phòng bệnh

2.1. Áp dụng các biện pháp vệ sinh phòng bệnh là chủ yếu.

2.2. Không nuôi lợn thả rông và định kỳ tẩy giun theo hướng dẫn của cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y.

2.3. Diệt loại gặm nhấm xung quanh chuồng nuôi lợn.

2.4. Xử lý phân gia súc để tiêu diệt Giun xoắn.

3. Giám sát bệnh Giun xoắn

3.1. Chủ yếu là giám sát lâm sàng, đặc biệt đối với lợn mới nuôi, lợn trong vùng có ổ dịch cũ, vùng có nguy cơ cao có dấu hiệu của bệnh.

3.2. Lấy mẫu cơ hoành để giám sát bệnh tại các cơ sở giết mổ lợn hoặc lấy huyết thanh lợn để xét nghiệm kháng thể do nhiễm bệnh tự nhiên trong vùng có ổ dịch cũ, khu vực có nguy cơ cao do cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương xác định.

3.3. Cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương xây dựng, trình cấp có thẩm quyền phê duyệt Kế hoạch giám sát bệnh Giun xoắn trong vùng có ổ dịch cũ, khu vực có nguy cơ cao. Việc giám sát được thực hiện theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 02 ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

4. Xử lý động vật mắc bệnh

4.1. Động vật bị mắc bệnh Giun xoắn được xử lý như sau:

a) Tiêu hủy bắt buộc động vật chết, động vật mắc bệnh Giun xoắn;

b) Gia súc nghi mắc bệnh Giun xoắn phải giết mổ bắt buộc hoặc nuôi cách ly để theo dõi.

c) Khuyến khích giết mổ đối với gia súc khỏe mạnh trong cùng đàn với gia súc mắc bệnh Giun xoắn, trường hợp không giết mổ phải nuôi cách ly để theo dõi.

4.2. Việc xử lý động vật mắc bệnh phải được thực hiện ngay khi có kết quả xét nghiệm dương tính với bệnh Giun xoắn hoặc được cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương kiểm tra, xác minh và kết luận mắc bệnh Giun xoắn.

4.3. Việc xử lý động vật mắc bệnh theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 06 được ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

5. Chẩn đoán xét nghiệm bệnh

5.1. Mẫu bệnh phẩm là cơ hoành, cơ thăn, cơ mông hoặc mẫu huyết thanh.

5.2. Mẫu bệnh phẩm phải được lấy, bao gói và bảo quản theo Quy chuẩn Việt Nam QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT được ban hành theo Thông tư số 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2011 của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn; bảo quản ở nhiệt độ mát từ 2°C đến 8°C và chuyển ngay về phòng thử nghiệm nông nghiệp được cơ quan có thẩm quyền công nhận.

5.3. Phương pháp xét nghiệm: Thực hiện theo quy trình chẩn đoán bệnh Giun xoắn quy định tại Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam TCVN 8400-3:2010.

PHỤ LỤC 19

HƯỚNG DẪN PHÒNG, CHỐNG BỆNH LAO BÒ
(Ban hành kèm theo Thông tư số 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 31 tháng 5 năm 2016 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn)

1. Giới thiệu về bệnh Lao

1.1. Khái niệm bệnh

a) Bệnh Lao (Tuberculosis) là một bệnh truyền nhiễm mạn tính của nhiều loài động vật và người gây ra do trực khuẩn lao Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Khi động vật mắc bệnh, trong phủ tạng thường có những hạt viêm đặc biệt gọi là hạt lao. Vi khuẩn lao có 3 típ như sau:

- Típ gây bệnh lao ở người: Mycobacterium tuberculosis gây bệnh lao ở người nhưng cũng có thể gây bệnh lao cho bò, chó, mèo.

- Típ gây bệnh lao cho bò: Mycobacterium bovis gây bệnh lao cho bò nhưng cũng có thể gây bệnh cho người, lợn, chó, mèo.

- Típ gây bệnh lao cho loài chim: Mycobacterium avium gây bệnh lao cho loài chim nói chung và gia cầm; vi khuẩn cũng có thể gây bệnh cho người và lợn, bò ít mẫn cảm hơn.

b) Sức đề kháng của vi khuẩn: Vi khuẩn có thể sống được 1 tháng trong đờm dãi ẩm, sống được nhiều tuần trong sữa, 6 tháng trong phân gia súc khô. Vi khuẩn mẫn cảm với tia tử ngoại và nhiệt độ; ánh sáng mặt trời tiêu diệt vi khuẩn trong 8 giờ; các chất sát trùng như phoóc-môn 10%, xút 2% và vôi bột dễ dàng tiêu diệt vi khuẩn.

1.2. Nguồn bệnh và đường truyền lây

a) Loài mắc: Trong tự nhiên các loài gia súc, gia cầm, thú rừng, chim trời và người đều mắc bệnh. Tuy nhiên mỗi loài động vật lại mẫn cảm với một trong 03 típ vi khuẩn lao khác nhau: lao người, lao bò và lao gia cầm. Động vật non thường mẫn cảm hơn động vật trưởng thành.

b) Nguồn bệnh: Trong cơ thể động vật mắc bệnh, máu, sữa và các tổ chức bị lao đều có mầm bệnh. Nếu lao ở phổi và đường tiêu hóa, thì nước mũi, nước bọt, phân chứa nhiều mầm bệnh.

c) Đường lây truyền: Bệnh có thể lây trực tiếp từ con ốm sang con khỏe và lây gián tiếp qua các nhân tố trung gian. Thông thường vi khuẩn xâm nhập vào cơ thể qua các đường sau:

- Đường hô hấp: Vi khuẩn từ cơ thể bệnh bài xuất ra ngoài qua nước bọt do ho, hắt hơi, khạc nhổ... hoặc theo phân. Khi phân và đờm khô, mầm bệnh dính vào hạt bụi lơ lửng trong không khí. Động vật khỏe hít phải sẽ bị lây bệnh.

- Đường tiêu hóa: Phổ biến nhất là bê và lợn. Bê bú sữa mẹ có bệnh lao sẽ bị lây bệnh. Nếu thức ăn, nước uống bị ô nhiễm mầm bệnh, động vật khỏe ăn phải sẽ bị lây bệnh.

Ngoài ra bệnh có thể lấy qua núm nhau, qua đường sinh dục.

1.3. Triệu chứng lâm sàng, bệnh tích

a) Triệu chứng lâm sàng: Lao bò thường thấy ở những thể sau:

- Lao phối: Thể này hay gặp. Biểu hiện rõ nhất là ho, lúc đầu là ho khan, sau ho ướt, ho từng cơn. Con vật thường phát ho khi gõ lồng ngực, bị đuổi chạy, uống nước lạnh, nằm xuống hay đứng lên. Khi ho đờm bắn ra nhưng con vật lại nuốt vào; đờm có thể lẫn mủ, máu; đôi khi thấy máu chảy ra ở lỗ mũi. Bò gầy yếu, lông dựng, da khô, uể oải, ăn ít, thở khó ngày càng tăng. Nghe và gõ vùng phổi có âm đục phân tán, âm bùng hơi và âm ran ướt hay âm kim khí.

- Lao hạch: Thể này khá phổ biến. Nếu lao ở phổi thì hạch cũng bị lao. Hạch bị sưng thành những cục cứng, có khi sờ thấy lổn nhổn. Các hạch hay bị lao là hạch dưới hàm, hạch tuyến nước bọt, hạch trước vai, hạch trước đùi và hạch ruột.

- Lao vú: Tùy mức độ bệnh mà bầu vú hoặc núm vú có thể bị biến dạng. Sờ vào cảm thấy những hạt lao lổn nhổn, hạch vú sưng to, cứng nổi cục. Sản lượng sữa giảm rõ rệt.

- Lao đường tiêu hóa: Phổ biến ở ruột, gan. Gia súc ỉa chảy liên miên, gầy yếu, có chướng hơi nhẹ và rối loạn tiêu hóa.

b) Bệnh tích: thường có 3 dạng: hạt lao, khối tăng sinh thượng bì và đám viêm bã đậu.

- Hạt lao: Tùy theo giai đoạn phát triển của bệnh mà biểu hiện hạt lao khác nhau. Các hạt lao thấy rõ ở phổi, hạch màng treo ruột; lúc đầu hạt nhỏ và cứng gọi là lao hạt kê. Ở phổi có giới hạn rõ, màu xám, khó bóc; nếu hạt nhiều, nắn phổi sẽ có cảm giác như phổi bị trộn cát; cắt có tiếng kêu lạo xạo. Hạt lao này gọi là hạt xám. Các hạt xám lớn dần bằng hạt đậu xanh, hạt ngô, thân bị thoái hóa thành bã đậu màu vàng nên gọi là hạt vàng. Các hạt trên to lên và vỡ ra, những hạt không vỡ thì tổ chức tăng sinh bao bọc lại gọi là hạt xơ.

- Khối tăng sinh thượng bì: Hạt xơ tăng sinh mạnh có khi to bằng hạt dẻ, quả ổi, bị bã đậu hóa hoặc can-xi hóa.

- Đám viêm bã đậu: Ở giai đoạn sau các hạt lao vỡ ra biến tổ chức lao đó thành đám viêm bã đậu, nát, thẩm dịch.

2. Phòng bệnh bằng vắc-xin

Hiện nay chỉ có một loại vắc-xin duy nhất phòng bệnh Lao bò là vắc-xin nhược độc BCG (Bacillus Calmette - Guerin). Tuy nhiên, vắc-xin BCG ít được sử dụng do gây trở ngại trong việc chẩn đoán bệnh Lao.

3. Giám sát bệnh Lao bò

3.1. Đối tượng giám sát bệnh định kỳ: Trâu bò giống, bò sữa do cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y xác định.

3.2. Giám sát lâm sàng thông qua việc quan sát, phát hiện những triệu chứng lâm sàng, bệnh tích điển hình của gia súc bệnh, chết và những đặc điểm về dịch tễ học của bệnh Lao.

3.3. Giám sát phát hiện bệnh: Định kỳ kiểm tra phát hiện bệnh Lao bò bằng phản ứng tiêm nội bì. Thực hiện kiểm tra bệnh Lao bò đối với 100% số trâu bò giống, bò sữa thuộc diện phải kiểm tra.

3.4. Cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y xây dựng, trình cấp có thẩm quyền phê duyệt Kế hoạch giám sát bệnh Lao bò.

4. Xử lý gia súc mắc bệnh

4.1. Khi phát hiện gia súc mắc bệnh Lao, phải cách ly để điều trị gia súc mắc bệnh theo hướng dẫn của cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương.

4.2. Tiêu hủy hoặc giết mổ bắt buộc gia súc mắc bệnh Lao không có khả năng phục hồi.

4.3. Việc xử lý động vật mắc bệnh theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 06 được ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

5. Chẩn đoán xét nghiệm bệnh

5.1. Chẩn đoán bệnh Lao bò bằng phản ứng tiêm nội bì hoặc lấy mẫu bệnh phẩm là các mô nghi ngờ hoặc có bệnh tích với lượng từ 10 g đến 200 g và đựng vào lọ miệng rộng hoặc túi ni lon để gửi xét nghiệm.

5.2. Mẫu bệnh phẩm phải được lấy, bao gói và bảo quản theo Quy chuẩn Việt Nam QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT được ban hành theo Thông tư số 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2011 của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn; phải được lấy vô trùng, bảo quản trong điều kiện lạnh từ 2°C đến 8°C và gửi về phòng thử nghiệm nông nghiệp được cơ quan có thẩm quyền công nhận chậm nhất 24h sau khi lấy mẫu.

5.3. Phương pháp chẩn đoán, xét nghiệm: Thực hiện theo quy trình chẩn đoán bệnh Lao bò quy định tại Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam TCVN 8400-10: 2010.

PHỤ LỤC 20

HƯỚNG DẪN PHÒNG, CHỐNG BỆNH SẢY THAI TRUYỀN NHIỄM
(Ban hành kèm theo Thông tư số 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 31 tháng 5 năm 2016 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn)

1. Giới thiệu về bệnh Sảy thai truyền nhiễm

1.1. Khái niệm bệnh

a) Bệnh Sảy thai truyền nhiễm (Bucellosis) là bệnh truyền nhiễm chung cho nhiều loài gia súc và người. Bệnh thường xuất hiện quá trình viêm, hoại tử ở một số cơ quan phủ tạng, đường sinh dục rồi lan ra nhau thai gây ra hiện tượng sảy thai, sát nhau. Vi khuẩn gây bệnh được chia thành 3 nhóm chính:

- Bucella abortus gây bệnh ở trâu bò;

- Brucella suis gây bệnh ở lợn;

- Bucella melitensis gây bệnh ở dê, cừu;

Ngoài ra còn có Bucella ovis chỉ gây bệnh cho cừu, Brucella cannis gây bệnh cho chó và một số chủng vi khuẩn gây bệnh cho loài khác.

b) Sức đề kháng của vi khuẩn: Ở nhiệt độ thường, vi khuẩn tồn tại 4 tháng trong sữa, nước tiểu và đất ẩm ướt. Ở nhiệt độ hấp ướt 70°C trong 30 phút. Các chất sát trùng thông thường như: a xít phenic, phoóc-môn 4%, nước vôi 5% có thể diệt vi khuẩn sau 1-2 giờ.

1.2. Nguồn bệnh và đường truyền lây

a) Loài mắc: Động vật mắc bệnh Sảy thai truyền nhiễm là dê, cừu, bò, trâu, lợn, chó, động vật hoang dã và người. Loài chim và chuột có mang mầm bệnh.

b) Nguồn bệnh: Ở con cái mang bệnh, vi khuẩn có nhiều ở núm nhau, nước ối, nước nhờn và chất nhờn âm đạo, sữa; ở con đực, vi khuẩn có nhiều trong tinh dịch. Hầu hết các cơ quan phủ tạng như máu, gan, lách, tủy xương, dịch hoàn đều chứa một lượng lớn vi khuẩn. Trong máu, vi khuẩn xuất hiện từng thời kỳ, nhiều nhất khi gia súc đẻ hoặc sảy thai. Trong thai sảy như bọc thai, phủ tạng của thai có rất nhiều vi khuẩn.

c) Đường truyền lây

- Lây trực tiếp: Qua đường tiêu hóa do thức ăn, nước uống có nhiễm vi khuẩn gây bệnh hoặc do bú sữa mẹ; qua đường sinh dục do giao phối thụ tinh và dịch cơ quan sinh dục; qua da, niêm mạc và vết thương hở; qua đường hô hấp do hít phải bụi có mang vi khuẩn, lây trực tiếp. Thai đẻ non, nước ối, nhau thai là nguồn lây chính của B.abortus ở bò và B.melitensis ở dê và cừu trong khi đó dịch và thai sảy là nguồn lây chính của B.suis và B. Cannis.

- Lây gián tiếp: Qua dụng cụ chăn nuôi có mang mầm bệnh. Côn trùng cũng có thể truyền bệnh và làm lưu cữu mầm bệnh trong bầy đàn. Ruồi làm lây bệnh qua phân.

1.3. Triệu chứng

a) Triệu chứng ở bò: Bò thường mắc bệnh do chủng vi khuẩn B.abortus, ngoài ra còn có thể mắc bệnh do chủng B.suis và B. Melitensis. Thời gian nung bệnh từ 1 tuần đến 7 tháng, có trường hợp chỉ 72 giờ.

- Bò cái bị bệnh chủ yếu xảy ra ở những con cái chửa tháng thứ 5,6,7. Bò có hiện tượng như sắp đẻ: âm hộ sưng đỏ, chảy nước nhớt, vú căng, có hiện tượng sụp mông. Bò sốt nhưng không cao, ít vận động. Thai có thể chết trước hay sau khi sảy thai, có hiện tượng thai ra cả bọc hoặc sát nhau, nước ối màu đục, bẩn, không có mùi nhưng lẫn màng nhau màu trắng.

- Bò đực thì triệu chứng rõ hơn: Dịch hoàn sưng đỏ gấp 2-3 lần, sau 2-3 ngày dịch hoàn lạnh dần và bắt đầu teo, sau con vật sốt và bỏ ăn. Chất lượng tinh trùng giảm đáng kể, tỷ lệ tinh dị hình tăng cao, tinh dịch chuyển từ màu trắng đục sang ánh vàng. Con vật lười vận động, thích nằm hoặc đứng một chỗ, bỏ ăn.

- Cả bò đực và bò cái đều có hiện tượng viêm khớp: khớp háng, khớp chậu (con cái) và khớp gối (con đực). Khớp sưng, khớp vẹo lệch làm cho bò đi lại khó khăn, sờ khớp thấy mềm, có nhiều dịch viêm.

b) Triệu chứng ở dê, cừu: Bệnh thường do chủng B. Melitensis gây ra, ở cừu còn do B. Ovis. Thời gian nung bệnh từ 2-18 tuần. Triệu chứng đặc trưng là con vật bị sảy thai. Trước khi sảy thai 1 tuần, con vật sốt cao, mệt lả, giảm cân, bỏ ăn, uống nước nhiều, viêm vú, nằm một chỗ, không thích vận động. Dê bị viêm âm đạo, viêm âm hộ, chảy nhiều nước nhờn. Cừu đực có triệu chứng giống bò đực, viêm dịch hoàn. Nếu cừu mắc bệnh do chủng B. Ovis, có hiện tượng viêm khớp mạn tính, viêm màng dịch hoàn và có các triệu chứng thần kinh.

c) Triệu chứng ở lợn: Bệnh thường do chủng Brucella suis gây ra, thời gian nung bệnh từ 2-18 tuần. Lợn cái bị sảy thai, thai ra cả bọc. Lợn ỉa chảy, viêm thủy thũng các đầu vú, mệt mỏi, biếng ăn, bỏ ăn. Sảy thai thường ở tuần thứ 4-12. Khi sảy thai, lợn bị liệt chân sau, viêm khớp, sau 10-15 ngày hồi phục trở lại. Con đực bị viêm sưng dịch hoàn.

1.4. Bệnh tích

a) Ở bào thai của động vật bị sảy thai: Vỏ bọc thai dày lên, có nhiều điểm xuất huyết và phủ một lớp dịch nhớt, bẩn. Nước ối bẩn, đục, lẫn máu và màng giả. Trên núm nhau có nhiều điểm hoại tử, sưng to, đen, mềm. Nhau thai có những điểm hoại tử dạng hạt màu vàng trắng, bờ mặt đục. Cuống rốn có mủ, điểm hoại tử lấm tấm. Gan, lách, thận của thai bị viêm, xuất huyết và hoại tử.

b) Ở con cái: Hạch vú bị viêm sưng. Trên bề mặt da mỏng của bầu vú có những điểm hoại tử màu trắng xám, sữa có màu vàng.

c) Con đực: Dịch hoàn vùng thượng hoàn sưng to gấp 2 - 3 lần bình thường, màng ngoài đường sinh dục dày, có khi bị viêm khớp u mềm có mủ, xoang bao khớp có nhiều dịch nhày, đục, hơi sánh. Giai đoạn sau dịch hoàn teo, có những hạt hoại tử lổn nhổn.

d) Cơ quan phủ tạng: Gan lách bị sưng hay hoại tử.

2. Phòng bệnh

Chủ yếu là áp dụng các biện pháp vệ sinh phòng bệnh. Việc tiêm phòng theo hướng dẫn của cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y.

3. Giám sát bệnh Sảy thai truyền nhiễm

3.1. Đối tượng giám sát bệnh định kỳ: Trâu bò giống, bò sữa do cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y xác định.

3.2. Giám sát lâm sàng thông qua việc quan sát, phát hiện những triệu chứng lâm sàng, bệnh tích điển hình của gia súc mắc bệnh, chết và những đặc điểm về dịch tễ học.

3.3. Giám sát phát hiện bệnh: Định kỳ kiểm tra phát hiện bệnh Sảy thai truyền nhiễm bằng phản ứng dị ứng hoặc kiểm tra sữa (phản ứng MRT) hoặc kiểm tra kháng thể trong huyết thanh (phản ứng RBT, CFT,...).

3.4. Cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y xây dựng, trình cấp có thẩm quyền phê duyệt Kế hoạch giám sát bệnh Sảy thai truyền nhiễm. Việc giám sát được thực hiện theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 02 ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

4. Xử lý gia súc mắc bệnh

4.1. Khi phát hiện gia súc mắc bệnh Sảy thai truyền nhiễm, phải cách ly để điều trị theo hướng dẫn của cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y.

4.2. Tiêu hủy gia súc chết hoặc gia súc mắc bệnh không có khả năng phục hồi.

4.3. Việc xử lý động vật mắc bệnh theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 06 được ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

5. Chẩn đoán xét nghiệm bệnh

5.1. Mẫu bệnh phẩm là máu, sữa, tinh dịch, lách, gan, hoạch lympho, nước ối, thai bị sảy,.. đựng vào lọ miệng rộng hoặc túi nilon.

5.2. Mẫu bệnh phẩm phải được lấy, bao gói và bảo quản theo Quy chuẩn Việt Nam QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT được ban hành theo Thông tư số 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2011 của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn; được lấy vô trùng, bảo quản trong điều kiện lạnh từ 2°C đến 8°C và gửi về phòng thử nghiệm nông nghiệp được cơ quan có thẩm quyền công nhận chậm nhất 24h sau khi lấy mẫu.

5.3. Phương pháp xét nghiệm: Thực hiện theo quy trình chẩn đoán bệnh Sảy thai truyền nhiễm quy định tại Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam TCVN 8400-13: 2011.

PHỤ LỤC 21

HƯỚNG DẪN PHÒNG, CHỐNG BỆNH TỤ HUYẾT TRÙNG GIA SÚC
(Ban hành kèm theo Thông tư số 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 31 tháng 5 năm 2016 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn)

1. Giới thiệu chung về bệnh

1.1. Khái niệm bệnh

a) Bệnh Tụ huyết trùng (Pasteurellosis) gia súc là bệnh truyền nhiễm phổ biến ở trâu, bò, lợn; bệnh gây ra tỷ lệ mắc cao, ảnh hưởng đến kinh tế cho người chăn nuôi. Bệnh do vi khuẩn Pasteurella multocida gây ra, đây là loại cầu trực khuẩn Gram âm với đặc trưng là gây tụ huyết và xuất huyết ở các vùng đặc biệt trên cơ thể. Vi khuẩn vào máu gây nhiễm trùng máu gây bại xuất huyết toàn thân. Vi khuẩn thường sống trên niêm mạc mũi, hầu, hạch amidan của một số gia súc khỏe mạnh, nhất là ở những con không được tiêm phòng. Vi khuẩn có thể sống được hàng tháng ở trong phân, rơm rác, trong đất chuồng nuôi. Khi gặp điều kiện thuận lợi thì những vi khuẩn này tăng độc lực và gây bệnh cho gia súc.

b) Sức đề kháng của vi khuẩn: Vi khuẩn có sức đề kháng không cao nên tồn tại không lâu ngoài cơ thể trâu bò; vi khuẩn có thể tồn tại từ 1 đến 3 tháng trong đất ẩm và thiếu ánh sáng, đầm lầy, ao bẩn có nhiều chất hữu cơ, trong chuồng trại,.. Vi khuẩn dễ bị diệt bằng nước nóng 60°C trong 20 phút, ánh sáng mặt trời trong 12 giờ, nước vôi 10% hoặc phoóc-môn 1% trong thời gian từ 1 đến 3 phút. Các chất sát trùng thông thường cùng dễ tiêu diệt được vi khuẩn.

1.2. Nguồn bệnh và đường truyền lây

a) Loài mắc: Trâu, bò, lợn, gà.

b) Đường truyền lây

- Vi khuẩn gây bệnh xâm nhập, lây lan theo đường tiêu hóa là chính, ngoài ra còn qua hô hấp (chủ yếu là hô hấp trên), đặc biệt khi niêm mạc bị tổn thương. Bệnh lan truyền trực tiếp từ con mang mầm bệnh sang con khỏe, hoặc gián tiếp qua đường thức ăn, nước uống, chuồng trại vệ sinh kém.

- Bệnh có thể lây truyền từ trâu, bò sang lợn, gia cầm và ngược lại.

1.3. Triệu chứng lâm sàng

Thời gian ủ bệnh rất ngắn, chỉ từ 1-3 ngày, tuy nhiên có thể kéo dài đến 02 tuần.

a) Thể quá cấp tính: Con vật sốt cao trên 41°C, đột ngột trở nên hung dữ, điên cuồng, chạy lung tung, chết trong vòng 24 giờ. Thể này ít có biểu hiện gì đặc trưng.

b) Thể cấp tính: Thể này rất phổ biến, con vật sốt cao trên 41°C, bỏ ăn, lờ đờ, nước mũi nước mắt chảy nhiều. Niêm mạc mắt, mũi, miệng đỏ sẫm rồi tái tím. Vùng hầu sưng to làm lưỡi thè ra ngoài. Hạch bên cổ sưng to, thở khó và nặng nề, đi lại khó khăn. Lúc đầu táo bón, sau lại ỉa lỏng, phân có lẫn máu và niêm mạc ruột, bụng chướng to. Con vật nằm liệt, đái ra máu, lịm yếu dần rồi chết trong 1 - 2 ngày. Tỷ lệ chết cao nếu không chữa bệnh kịp thời.

c) Thể mạn tính: Một số trâu, bò, lợn vượt qua được giai đoạn cấp tính thường chuyển sang thể mãn tính. Con vật có biểu hiện mệt mỏi, khó thở, thở nhanh, khò khè, gầy yếu, ho từng hồi, kéo dài, ho nhiều khi vận động, mũi khô hoặc có dịch mũi đặc, đi lại khó khăn do viêm khớp, viêm phổi, viêm phế quản. Rối loạn tiêu hóa (phân lúc táo lúc lỏng), giảm ăn uống, gầy yếu. Một số con mắc bệnh bị chết do suy kiệt. Một số ít có sức chịu đựng thì những biểu hiện này nhẹ dần và khỏi, nhưng phải hàng tháng sau mới hồi phục.

1.4. Bệnh tích

a) Hạch sưng to, tụ máu ở cơ quan phủ tạng, ruột và dạ dày bị viêm, niêm mạc và các tổ chức liên kết dưới da xuất huyết lấm tấm, thịt nhão.

b) Bao tim và vùng xoang bụng tích đầy nước có khi xuất huyết. c) Gan và thận bị viêm, tụ máu.

d) Viêm phổi thùy lớn, phổi có nhiều vùng bị gan hóa. Khí quản và phế quản tụ máu, xuất huyết, màng phổi xuất huyết lốm đốm, dày lên và dính vào thành mạch ngực.

2. Phòng bệnh bắt buộc bằng vắc-xin

2.1. Đối tượng tiêm phòng

a) Các trang trại, cơ sở chăn nuôi gia súc tập trung; trừ trường hợp được miễn tiêm phòng theo quy định tại khoản 2 Điều 4 của Thông tư này;

b) Đàn gia súc nuôi nhỏ lẻ trong các hộ gia đình: Trâu, bò, lợn nái, lợn đực giống do cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương xác định.

2.2. Phạm vi tiêm phòng: Tại khu vực có ổ dịch cũ, địa bàn có nguy cơ cao do cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương xác định

2.3. Thời gian tiêm phòng

a) Tổ chức tiêm phòng định kỳ theo quy trình nuôi, tiêm phòng bổ sung đối với gia súc mới phát sinh, đàn gia súc đã hết thời gian còn miễn dịch bảo hộ hoặc tiêm phòng theo hướng dẫn của cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương;

b) Liều lượng, đường tiêm theo hướng dẫn của nhà sản xuất vắc-xin.

2.4. Căn cứ vào điều kiện chăn nuôi, khí hậu thời tiết, đặc điểm của từng vùng, miền, cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương xây dựng và tổ chức thực hiện kế hoạch tiêm phòng cho phù hợp, bảo đảm hiệu quả tiêm phòng.

3. Tiêm phòng khẩn cấp khi có ổ dịch xảy ra

3.1. Khi có ổ dịch xảy ra, tổ chức tiêm phòng ngay cho gia súc khỏe mạnh tại các thôn, ấp, bản nơi xảy ra dịch; đồng thời tổ chức tiêm phòng bao vây ổ dịch đối với gia súc mẫn cảm tại các thôn, ấp, bản chưa có dịch trong cùng xã và các xã tiếp giáp xung quanh xã có dịch.

3.2. Huy động lực lượng tại chỗ hỗ trợ tiêm phòng; người trực tiếp tham gia tiêm phòng phải là nhân viên thú y hoặc người đã qua tập huấn về tiêm phòng.

3.3. Cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương hướng dẫn, quản lý, thực hiện tiêm phòng và giám sát việc tiêm phòng.

4. Giám sát bệnh Tụ huyết trùng

Thực hiện giám sát lâm sàng là chủ yếu để chủ động phát hiện bệnh: Quan sát, phát hiện gia súc mắc bệnh dựa trên những triệu chứng lâm sàng, bệnh tích điển hình của bệnh. Lấy mẫu xét nghiệm gia súc bị chết nghi do mắc bệnh Tụ huyết trùng để phân lập vi khuẩn gây bệnh.

5. Xử lý gia súc mắc bệnh

5.1. Cách ly và điều trị gia súc mắc bệnh theo hướng dẫn của cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương.

5.2. Tiêu hủy gia súc chết do mắc bệnh Tụ huyết trùng theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 06 được ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

6. Chẩn đoán xét nghiệm

6.1. Mẫu bệnh phẩm là máu tim, dịch xoang bao tim, phổi, xương ống,.. đựng vào lọ miệng rộng hoặc túi nilon.

6.2. Mẫu bệnh phẩm phải được lấy, bao gói và bảo quản theo Quy chuẩn Việt Nam QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT được ban hành theo Thông tư số 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2011 của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn; được lấy vô trùng, bảo quản trong điều kiện lạnh từ 2°C đến 8°C và gửi về phòng thử nghiệm nông nghiệp được cơ quan có thẩm quyền công nhận chậm nhất 24h sau khi lấy mẫu.

6.3. Phương pháp xét nghiệm: Thực hiện theo quy trình chẩn đoán bệnh Tụ huyết trùng quy định tại Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam TCVN 8400-14:2011.

PHỤ LỤC 22

HƯỚNG DẪN PHÒNG, CHỐNG BỆNH DỊCH TẢ VỊT
(Ban hành kèm theo Thông tư số 07/2016/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 31 tháng 5 năm 2016 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn)

1. Giới thiệu về bệnh Dịch tả vịt

1.1. Khái niệm bệnh

a) Bệnh Dịch tả vịt là bệnh truyền nhiễm cấp tính nguy hiểm ở vịt. Tác nhân gây bệnh là do vi rút thuộc nhóm Herpes trong họ Alphaherpesvirinae. Vi rút gây bệnh có cấu trúc ADN. Bệnh Dịch tả vịt có tỷ lệ mắc bệnh và chết cao, có thể từ 70% đến 80% nếu bị nhiễm lần đầu ở trại không tiêm phòng vắc-xin Dịch tả vịt thường xuyên, kết hợp với vệ sinh không đảm bảo.

b) Sức đề kháng của vi rút: Vi rút bị tiêu diệt trong dung dịch phoóc-môn 3%, chlorin 3% và các hóa chất sát trùng mạnh khác. Vi rút bị tiêu diệt ở nhiệt độ 56°C trong 10 phút, 50°C trong 90 đến 120 phút, nhiệt độ 22°C được 30 ngày.

1.2. Nguồn bệnh và đường truyền lây

a) Loài mắc: Động vật mắc bệnh Dịch tả vịt là vịt, ngan, ngỗng ở mọi lứa tuổi đều bị mắc bệnh, đặc biệt là từ 07 ngày tuổi cho đến trưởng thành.

b) Nguồn bệnh: Phân, dịch tiết từ mũi, miệng và mắt của gia cầm mắc bệnh có chứa vi rút.

c) Đường truyền lây: Đường truyền lây chủ yếu qua tiếp xúc trực tiếp giữa các gia cầm khỏe mạnh và gia cầm bị nhiễm bệnh. Ngoài ra, bệnh có thể lây lan dễ dàng qua các phương tiện cơ học như giày dép và quần áo mang từ một đàn bị nhiễm đến. Bệnh lây lan nhanh và trầm trọng trong khoảng 2-3 ngày.

1.3. Triệu chứng lâm sàng

Thời gian ủ bệnh thường từ 3 - 7 ngày tùy theo độc lực của vi rút.

Vịt, ngan, ngỗng bị bệnh có hiện tượng bỏ ăn, sợ nước, tiêu chảy nhiều, phân trắng xanh hoặc vàng nhớt, xù lông, chảy nước mũi, mắt có dử, mí mắt sưng, niêm mạc mắt đỏ, ngoẹo đầu, mắt thăng bằng, ngoẹo cổ, bại liệt, chết nhanh.

1.4. Bệnh tích

Tùy theo trường hợp có thể thấy một hoặc nhiều trong những bệnh tích sau:

a) Ở vịt trưởng thành có hiện tượng gan bị bạc màu hoặc xuất huyết điểm. Con cái có thể thấy các nang trứng bị xuất huyết.

b) Mạch máu bị tổn thương. Hệ bạch huyết bị tổn thương và thoái hóa nhu mô.

c) Đường tiêu hóa bị viêm, ruột xuất huyết thành từng mảng, có nhiều chất nhờn. Đây là bệnh tích đặc trưng của bệnh dịch tả vịt.

d) Kiểm tra vi thể thấy tổn thương mạch máu và các cơ quan phủ tạng. Xuất hiện các thể vùi nội nhân, thể vùi tế bào chất trong các tế bào biểu mô của hệ thống tiêu hóa. Đây là biến đổi vi thể điển hình của bệnh.

2. Phòng bệnh bắt buộc bằng vắc-xin

2.1. Đối tượng phòng bệnh bằng vắc-xin: vịt, ngan, ngỗng.

2.2. Phạm vi tiêm phòng: Vùng có ổ dịch cũ, địa bàn có nguy cơ cao do cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương xác định.

2.3. Thời gian tiêm phòng

a) Tổ chức tiêm phòng định kỳ theo quy trình nuôi hoặc hướng dẫn của cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương;

b) Liều lượng, đường tiêm theo hướng dẫn của nhà sản xuất vắc-xin.

2.4. Căn cứ vào điều kiện chăn nuôi, khí hậu thời tiết, đặc điểm của từng vùng, miền, cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương xây dựng và tổ chức thực hiện kế hoạch tiêm phòng cho phù hợp đảm bảo hiệu quả tiêm phòng.

3. Tiêm phòng khẩn cấp khi có ổ dịch xảy ra

3.1. Khi có ổ dịch xảy ra, tổ chức tiêm phòng cho vịt, ngan, ngỗng tại các thôn, ấp, bản nơi xảy ra dịch; đồng thời tổ chức tiêm phòng bao vây ổ dịch theo hướng từ ngoài vào trong đối với vịt, ngan, ngỗng tại các thôn, ấp, bản chưa có dịch trong cùng xã và các xã xung quanh tiếp giáp với xã có dịch.

3.2. Huy động lực lượng tiêm phòng và hỗ trợ tiêm phòng; người trực tiếp tham gia tiêm phòng phải là nhân viên thú y hoặc người đã qua tập huấn.

3.3. Cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương hướng dẫn, quản lý, thực hiện tiêm phòng và giám sát việc tiêm phòng.

4. Giám sát bệnh Dịch tả vịt

4.1. Giám sát lâm sàng phải được thực hiện thường xuyên, liên tục, đặc biệt đối với vịt, ngan, ngỗng mới nuôi, vịt, ngan, ngỗng trong vùng có ổ dịch cũ, vùng có nguy cơ cao do cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương xác định.

4.2. Giám sát lưu hành vi rút: Lấy mẫu gan, lách thận của vịt, ngan, ngỗng nghi mắc bệnh để xét nghiệm vi rút.

4.3. Giám sát sau tiêm phòng (áp dụng ở các trại giống)

a) Giám sát sau tiêm phòng để đánh giá kết quả tiêm phòng và khả năng đáp ứng miễn dịch của đàn sau khi được tiêm vắc-xin;

b) Lấy mẫu huyết thanh để xét nghiệm kháng thể bảo hộ sau tiêm phòng;

c) Thời điểm lấy mẫu: Sau 21 ngày kể từ thời điểm tiêm phòng gần nhất.

4.4. Cơ quan quản lý chuyên ngành thú y địa phương xây dựng, trình cấp có thẩm quyền phê duyệt Kế hoạch giám sát bệnh Dịch tả vịt. Việc giám sát được thực hiện theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 02 ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

5. Xử lý gia cầm mắc bệnh

5.1. Cách ly gia cầm mắc bệnh để chăm sóc, hỗ trợ phục hồi; cách ly gia cầm khỏe mạnh trong cùng đàn để chăm sóc nuôi dưỡng hoặc khuyến khích giết mổ tiêu thụ tại chỗ;

5.2. Tiêu hủy gia cầm chết do mắc bệnh Dịch tả vịt theo hướng dẫn tại Phụ lục 06 được ban hành kèm theo Thông tư này.

6. Chẩn đoán xét nghiệm bệnh

6.1. Mẫu bệnh phẩm là gan, lách, thận của gia cầm nghi mắc bệnh.

6.2. Mẫu bệnh phẩm phải được lấy, bao gói và bảo quản theo Quy chuẩn Việt Nam QCVN 01 - 83: 2011/BNNPTNT được ban hành theo Thông tư số 71/2011/TT-BNNPTNT ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2011 của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn; được bảo quản ở nhiệt độ lạnh từ 2°C đến 8°C và chuyển ngay về phòng thử nghiệm nông nghiệp được cơ quan có thẩm quyền công nhận.

6.3. Phương pháp xét nghiệm: Thực hiện theo quy trình chẩn đoán bệnh Dịch tả vịt quy định tại Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam TCVN 8400-11:2011.