Law on Road Traffic No. 26/2001/QH10

LAW

ROAD TRAFFIC

To enhance the effectiveness of state management, to promote the sense of responsibility of agencies, organizations, and individuals to ensure smooth, orderly, safe, and convenient road traffic, serving the travel needs of the people and the cause of national construction and defense;

Based on the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1992;
This Law stipulates on road traffic;

PART I
GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1. Scope of Regulation

This Law stipulates traffic rules for roads; conditions ensuring road traffic safety of infrastructure, vehicles, and road traffic participants, and road transport activities;

Article 2. Applicability

This Law applies to agencies, organizations, and individuals operating and residing within the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; in cases where international treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a party provide different provisions from this Law, the provisions of such international treaties shall apply;

Article 3. Explanation of Terms

In this Law, the following terms shall be understood as follows:

1. Road includes road, road bridge, road tunnel, and ferry terminal;

2. Road works include roads, parking areas, drainage systems, traffic lights, guideposts, warning signs, median strips, and other auxiliary facilities;

3. Road land is the portion of land on which road works are constructed;

4. Road safety zone is the strip of land along both sides of the road to ensure traffic safety and protect road works;

5. Traffic lane is the part of the road used for the passage of vehicles;

6. Lane is a portion of the traffic lane divided longitudinally along the road with sufficient width for safe vehicle operation;

7. Road clearance is the space with limited dimensions regarding height and width of the road, bridges, and tunnels to allow vehicles, including cargo loaded on them, to pass safely;

8. Street is the road within urban areas comprising the street surface and sidewalks;

9. Median strip is the part of the road that separates the road surface into two separate directions of traffic or separates the lanes for motorized and non-motorized vehicles. Median strips include fixed and movable types;

10. Expressway is a road exclusively for motorized vehicles traveling at high speeds, with a median strip separating the road for traffic in opposite directions without intersecting at the same level with other roads;

11. Maintenance of roads involves performing maintenance and repair work to maintain the technical standards of operational roads;

12. Road traffic vehicles include motorized road traffic vehicles and non-motorized road traffic vehicles;

13. Motorized road traffic vehicles (hereinafter referred to as motor vehicles) include automobiles, tractors, two-wheeled motorcycles, three-wheeled motorcycles, motorbikes, and similar types of vehicles, including motorized vehicles for disabled persons;

14. Non-motorized road traffic vehicles (hereinafter referred to as non-motorized vehicles) include vehicles not powered by engines such as bicycles, cyclos, animal-drawn carts, and similar types of vehicles;

15. Special-purpose vehicles include construction vehicles, agricultural and forestry vehicles participating in road traffic;

16. Road traffic participants include road traffic vehicles and special-purpose vehicles;

17. Road traffic participants include drivers and users of road traffic vehicles; handlers and guides of animals and pedestrians on the road;

18. Vehicle drivers include drivers of motor vehicles, non-motorized vehicles, and special-purpose vehicles participating in road traffic;

19. Driver refers to the person driving a motor vehicle;

20. Traffic controller is a traffic police officer or a person assigned the task of directing traffic at construction sites, traffic congestion points, ferry terminals, and road bridges shared with railways;

21. Hazardous goods are items that may pose a danger to human life, health, environment, and national security when transported on the road.

Article 4. Principles for Ensuring Road Traffic Safety

1. Ensuring road traffic safety is the responsibility of agencies, organizations, individuals, and the entire society.

2. Participants in road traffic must strictly comply with traffic rules, ensuring their own safety and that of others. The owner of the vehicle and the driver must bear legal responsibility for ensuring the safety conditions of the vehicle participating in traffic.

3. Ensuring order and safety in road traffic must be implemented comprehensively regarding technical aspects and safety of road traffic infrastructure, road traffic vehicles, compliance with laws by participants in road traffic, and other areas related to road traffic safety.

4. All violations of road traffic laws must be dealt with strictly, promptly, and in accordance with the law.

5. Any person who violates road traffic laws and causes accidents must bear responsibility for their violation; if they cause damage to others, they must compensate according to the provisions of the law.

Article 5. Policy on Developing Road Traffic

1. The State prioritizes developing road traffic infrastructure in mountainous regions, remote areas, border areas, islands, ethnic minority regions, and key economic zones.

2. The State has policies to prioritize the development of public passenger transport and limit the use of private vehicles in large cities.

3. The State encourages and creates conditions for domestic agencies, organizations, individuals, and foreign organizations and individuals to invest and apply advanced science and technology in the field of road traffic.

Article 6. Propaganda, Dissemination, and Education on Road Traffic Law.

1. Information and propaganda agencies have the responsibility to organize regular and extensive dissemination of road traffic law to the entire population.

2. Agencies, organizations, and families have the responsibility to disseminate and educate on road traffic law to everyone within their management scope.

3. State management agencies for education and training have the responsibility to incorporate road traffic law into teaching programs in schools and other educational institutions appropriate to each field of study and level of education.

Article 7. Responsibilities of the Vietnam Fatherland Front and its Member Organizations.

The Vietnam Fatherland Front and its member organizations, within their tasks and authorities, have the responsibility to organize and coordinate with competent agencies to propagate and mobilize the people to strictly comply with road traffic law; supervise the implementation of road traffic law by agencies, organizations, and individuals.

Article 8. Prohibited Acts.

1. Damaging road construction works.

2. Digging, drilling, cutting roads illegally; placing, leaving illegal obstacles on roads; opening roads illegally; encroaching on road safety corridors; dismantling, moving illegally or altering road signaling works.

3. Using road surfaces, sidewalks illegally.

4. Operating motor vehicles without meeting safety technical standards.

5. Changing engine assemblies, parts, or accessories of motor vehicles temporarily to meet technical standards during inspection.

6. Racing or organizing illegal races.

7. Drivers using narcotics.

8. Drivers operating vehicles on roads with blood alcohol concentration exceeding 80 milligrams/100 milliliters of blood or 40 milligrams/1 liter of exhaled breath or other prohibited stimulants under the law.

9. Operating motor vehicles without a valid driving license as prescribed.

10. Operating motor vehicles at speeds exceeding the prescribed limits.

11. Continuously honking and revving engines; honking from 10 PM to 5 AM, using horn whistles, or high-beam lights in urban areas and densely populated areas, except for priority vehicles performing duties as stipulated by this Law.

12. Illegally transporting dangerous goods or failing to fully comply with regulations on transporting dangerous goods.

13. Transferring loads or other methods to evade detection of overloaded or oversized vehicles.

14. Causing accidents and fleeing to avoid responsibility.

15. Having the ability but intentionally not assisting victims of traffic accidents.

16. Taking advantage of traffic accidents to assault, threaten, incite, create disturbances, or obstruct handling.

17. Abusing positions, powers, or professions to violate the Road Traffic Law.

18. Other acts endangering persons and vehicles participating in road traffic.

Chapter II
ROAD TRAFFIC RULES

Article 9. General Rules.

1. Participants in traffic must travel on the right side according to their direction of travel, stay within the designated lanes, and comply with the road traffic signals system.

2. In vehicles equipped with seat belts, the driver and passengers seated in the front row must fasten their seat belts.

Article 10. Road Traffic Signals System.

1. The road traffic signals system includes commands from traffic controllers, traffic lights, road signs, lane markings, guardrails or protective walls, and barriers.

2. Commands from traffic police:

a) Raising the hand straight up to signal participants in traffic to stop;

b) Stretching both hands or one hand horizontally to signal participants in traffic in front of and behind the traffic controller to stop; participants in traffic on the right and left sides of the controller may continue straight or turn right;

c) Raising the right hand forward to signal participants in traffic behind and to the right of the controller to stop; participants in traffic in front of the controller may turn right; participants in traffic to the left of the controller may proceed in all directions; pedestrians crossing the road must follow behind the traffic controller.

3. Traffic light signals consist of three colors, each color having the following meanings:

a) Green signal means go;

b) Red signal means stop;

c) Yellow signal indicates a change in the signal. When the yellow light is on, the vehicle operator must bring the vehicle to a stop before the stop line, except when the vehicle has already crossed the stop line, it may continue;

d) Flashing yellow signal means go but be cautious.

4. Road signs consist of five groups, each group having the following meanings:

a) Prohibitory signs indicating prohibitions;

b) Warning signs alerting to potential dangerous situations;

c) Command signs indicating commands that must be followed;

d) Directional signs indicating directions or information needed;

e) Supplementary signs explaining prohibitory signs, warning signs, command signs, and directional signs.

5. Lane markings indicate the division of lanes, positions, or directions, and stopping positions.

6. Guardrails or protective walls are placed at the edges of dangerous sections of roads to guide participants in traffic about the safe width of the road surface and its direction.

7. Barriers are placed where the road narrows, at the ends of bridges, culverts, at the ends of prohibited or dead-end roads, or at places requiring control over movement.

8. The Minister of Transport shall specify detailed regulations regarding road traffic signals.

Article 11. Compliance with Road Traffic Signals.

1. Participants in traffic must comply with the commands and directions of the road traffic signals system.

2. When there is a traffic controller present, participants in traffic must comply with the commands of the traffic controller.

3. Where there is a fixed road sign and a temporary signal, participants in road traffic must comply with the temporary signal.

Article 12. Speed Limits and Distance Between Vehicles.

1. Vehicle drivers must adhere to speed limits for vehicles traveling on roads.

The Minister of Transport shall specify detailed speed limits for motorized vehicles and the placement of speed limit signs.

2. Vehicle drivers must maintain a safe distance from the vehicle immediately ahead; where there is a sign indicating "Minimum Distance Between Two Vehicles," the distance must not be less than the number indicated on the sign.

Article 13. Using lanes.

1. On roads with multiple lanes for vehicles traveling in the same direction, separated by lane markings, drivers must keep their vehicles within one lane and may only change lanes at permitted locations; when changing lanes, they must give prior signals and ensure safety.

2. On one-way roads with lane markings, non-motorized vehicles must travel on the rightmost lane, while motor vehicles travel on the left lane.

3. All types of road traffic vehicles with lower speeds must travel on the right side.

Article 14. Overtaking.

1. Vehicles requesting to overtake must signal using lights or horns; in urban areas and densely populated areas from 10 PM to 5 AM, overtaking can only be signaled using lights.

2. A vehicle requesting to overtake may only do so when there are no obstacles ahead, no opposing vehicles in the intended overtaking section, the preceding vehicle does not have an overtaking signal and has moved to the right side.

3. When another vehicle requests to overtake, if safe conditions are met, the driver of the leading vehicle must reduce speed, move close to the right side of the driving lane until the following vehicle has passed, without hindering the overtaking vehicle.

4. During overtaking, all vehicles must overtake on the left side, except in the following cases where overtaking on the right side is allowed:

a) When the front vehicle signals or is turning left;

b) When an electric vehicle is running in the middle of the road;

c) When a special-purpose vehicle is working on the road and cannot overtake on the left side.

5. Overtaking is prohibited under any of the following circumstances:

a) Not meeting the conditions specified in Clause 2 of this Article;

b) On narrow bridges with only one lane;

c) Under bridge overpasses, roundabouts, at the top of hills, and other locations with limited visibility;

d) At intersections, where roads cross railway tracks;

đ) When weather or road conditions do not ensure safety for overtaking;

e) When emergency vehicles are performing duties and signaling priority.

Article 15. Changing Direction.

1. When intending to change direction, the vehicle operator must reduce speed and signal the intended turn.

2. While changing direction, the driver must yield to pedestrians, cyclists traveling on dedicated lanes, and vehicles traveling in the opposite direction, and only proceed with the turn when it is observed that it will not cause inconvenience or danger to others.

3. In residential areas, drivers may only turn their vehicles at intersections and at locations marked for permitted turns.

4. Turning is prohibited on pedestrian crossing lanes, on bridges, at bridge entrances, under bridge overpasses, tunnels, in road tunnels, at railway crossings, narrow roads, and sections with obstructed visibility.

Article 16. Backing Up.

1. When backing up, the vehicle operator must observe behind, provide necessary signals, and only back up when it is deemed safe.

2. Backing up is prohibited in no-parking zones, on pedestrian crossing lanes, at intersections, at railway crossings, in areas with obstructed visibility, and inside road tunnels.

Article 17. Avoiding Opposing Vehicles.

1. On undivided roads, when two vehicles traveling in opposite directions avoid each other, the drivers must reduce speed and drive towards the right side according to the direction of their own vehicle's travel.

2. Situations requiring yielding when avoiding each other:

a) Where the road is narrow enough for only one vehicle and there is a place to avoid, the vehicle closer to the avoidance area must enter that position and yield to the other vehicle.

b) A descending vehicle must yield to an ascending vehicle.

c) The vehicle with an obstacle ahead must yield to the other vehicle.

3. At night, motor vehicles traveling in opposite directions must switch from high beams to low beams.

Article 18. Stopping and parking vehicles on non-urban roads.

1. When stopping or parking vehicles on non-urban roads, the vehicle drivers must comply with the following regulations:

a) Provide signals to inform other vehicle drivers.

b) Stop or park the vehicle on the sidewalk or outside the traffic lane where there is sufficient width; if the sidewalk is narrow or absent, the vehicle must be stopped or parked close to the right edge of the road according to the direction of travel.

c) If there are designated parking areas or stops on the road, the vehicle must be stopped or parked at those locations.

d) After parking, the driver may leave the vehicle only after ensuring safety measures have been taken; if the vehicle occupies part of the traffic lane, immediate warning signs must be placed for other drivers to see.

đ) Do not open the car door, leave it open, or step out of the vehicle unless safety conditions are guaranteed.

e) For motorized vehicles, the driver must not leave the driving position when stopping.

g) Vehicles parked on a slope must have their wheels chocked.

2. It is prohibited to stop or park vehicles in the following positions:

a) On the left side of a one-way street.

b) On curved sections of the road and near the top of a hill with obstructed visibility.

c) On bridges or underpasses.

d) Parallel to another parked vehicle.

đ) On pedestrian crossings.

e) At intersections.

g) At bus stops.

h) In front of gates and within five meters on either side of the gate of government offices or organizations.

i) Where the road width is only sufficient for one lane.

k) Within the safety zone of railway tracks.

l) Obstructing traffic signs.

Article 19. Stopping and parking vehicles on urban roads.

When stopping or parking vehicles on urban roads, the vehicle drivers must comply with the provisions of Article 18 of this Law and the following regulations:

1. The vehicle must be parked close to the sidewalk on the right side according to the direction of travel; in case of narrow streets, the vehicle must be parked at least twenty meters away from the opposite parked vehicle.

2. Parking on tram tracks is prohibited. Traffic vehicles must not be parked on the road or sidewalk contrary to regulations.

Article 20. Priority rights of certain types of vehicles..

1. The following vehicles are entitled to priority over other vehicles when crossing intersections from any direction in the following order:

a) Fire trucks performing duties.

b) Military and police vehicles responding to emergencies.

c) Ambulances performing emergency rescue operations.

d) Flood control vehicles, vehicles performing disaster relief or emergency tasks as prescribed by law.

đ) A convoy led by police cars.

g) Funeral convoys.

h) Other vehicles as prescribed by law.

2. Vehicles specified in points a, b, c, d, and đ of Clause 1 of this Article, when performing urgent tasks, must have sirens, flags, or lights as prescribed; they are not subject to speed limits; they are allowed to drive in the opposite direction, other lanes, including when there is a red light, and must only follow the instructions of traffic controllers.

The Government shall specify the signals of priority vehicles.

3. Upon receiving the signal from a priority vehicle, all traffic participants must quickly reduce speed, avoid or stop close to the right curb to give way. Acts that hinder priority vehicles are prohibited.

Article 21. Crossing ferries and pontoon bridges.

1. When arriving at ferry terminals or pontoon bridges, vehicles must queue orderly and in designated places without hindering traffic.

2. When disembarking from a ferry, while on the ferry, and when arriving at the terminal, everyone must get off the vehicle except for the drivers of motorized vehicles, special-purpose motorcycles, sick people, elderly individuals, and disabled persons.

3. Motorized vehicles must disembark first, followed by simple vehicles and people; when arriving at the terminal, people must disembark first, followed by traffic vehicles according to the instructions of the traffic controller.

4. Priority order for crossing ferries and pontoon bridges:

a) Vehicles specified in Clause 1 of Article 20 of this Law.

b) Mail delivery vehicles;

c) Vehicles carrying fresh food.

d) Public passenger vehicles.

In cases where vehicles of the same type arrive at the ferry terminal or pontoon bridge simultaneously, the vehicle that arrives first will cross first.

Article 22. Yielding at Intersections.

When approaching an intersection, the driver of a vehicle must reduce speed and yield according to the following provisions:

1. At intersections without roundabout signs, vehicles must yield to vehicles coming from the right side.

2. At intersections with roundabout signs, vehicles must yield to vehicles on the left.

3. At intersections between non-priority roads and priority roads or between branch roads and main roads, vehicles coming from non-priority roads or branch roads must yield to vehicles on priority roads or main roads from any direction.

Article 23. Crossing Railway Tracks

1. At railway crossings equipped with traffic lights, barriers, and warning bells, when the red light is on, there is a warning bell sound, and the barrier is moving or closed, road users must stop on their own side of the road and maintain a safe distance from the barrier; they may proceed only when the red light has turned off, the barrier is fully open, and the warning bell has stopped.

2. At railway crossings with only traffic lights or warning bells, when the red light is on or there is a warning bell sound, road users must immediately stop and maintain a minimum distance of 5 meters from the nearest rail; they may proceed only when the red light has turned off or the warning bell has stopped.

3. At railway crossings without traffic lights, barriers, and warning bells, road users must observe both directions; they may proceed only when it is certain that no trains are approaching; if a train is approaching, they must stop and maintain a minimum distance of 5 meters from the nearest rail until the train has passed.

4. If a vehicle involved in road traffic breaks down at a railway crossing within the safety zone, the driver must quickly set up warning signals on the railway tracks at least 500 meters in both directions to alert the train drivers and notify the nearest railway station manager, while taking all measures to quickly remove the vehicle from the safety zone.

Persons present at the location where a vehicle has broken down at a railway crossing have the responsibility to assist the driver in removing the vehicle from the safety zone.

Article 24. Traffic on Expressways

1. Drivers on expressways, in addition to complying with traffic rules stipulated in this Law, must also comply with the following provisions:

a) When entering an expressway, they must signal their intention to enter and yield to vehicles already on the expressway; they may only enter the outermost lane when it is safe to do so; if there is an acceleration lane, they must use it before entering other lanes of the expressway.

b) When exiting an expressway, they must gradually move to the right lanes; if there is a deceleration lane, they must use it before leaving the expressway.

c) They must not drive on the shoulder.

d) They must not make U-turns or back up.

e) They must not exceed the maximum speed or fall below the minimum speed indicated on traffic signs or painted markings on the road surface.

2. Drivers must maintain a safe distance between vehicles. The Minister of Transport shall specify the safe distance between vehicles traveling on the expressway.

3. Vehicles may only be parked or stopped in designated areas; in cases where parking or stopping in non-designated areas is unavoidable, the driver must move the vehicle out of the travel lane; if this is not possible, they must signal to alert other drivers.

Article 25. Traffic in road tunnels.

The driver of a vehicle participating in traffic in a road tunnel must comply with the traffic rules stipulated in this Law and also implement the following provisions:

1. Motor vehicles must turn on their lights even when the tunnel is well-lit, and non-motorized vehicles must have lights or reflective devices.

2. Parking and stopping are only allowed at designated locations.

3. U-turns and reversing are not permitted.

Article 26. Ensuring Load Capacity and Road Width Limits.

1. Drivers of vehicles participating in road traffic must comply with regulations on load capacity and road width limits and be subject to inspection by competent authorities.

2. In special cases, vehicles exceeding load capacity and road width limits, tracked vehicles causing damage to the road surface may be allowed to travel on the road but must obtain permission from the competent road management authority and take mandatory measures to protect bridges and roads and ensure traffic safety.

3. The Minister of Transport shall announce the load capacity and road width limits; regulations on the organization and operation of road vehicle load check stations and the issuance of permits for vehicles exceeding load capacity and road width limits, tracked vehicles causing damage to the road surface.

Article 27. Towing Vehicles and Trailers.

1. A motor vehicle may tow another vehicle only if it cannot run on its own and must comply with the following requirements:

a) The towed vehicle must have a driver and its steering system must still be operational;

b) The connection between the towing vehicle and the towed vehicle must be secure and safe; in case the braking system of the towed vehicle is ineffective, the towing vehicles must be connected by a rigid coupling bar.

c) The front of the towing vehicle and the rear of the towed vehicle must display warning signs.

2. A towing vehicle with a trailer must have a total weight greater than that of the trailer or must have an effective braking system for the trailer.

3. The following acts are prohibited:

a) A towing vehicle with a trailer, a semi-trailer truck towing a trailer or another vehicle;

b) Carrying passengers on the towed vehicle;

c) A motor vehicle towing a non-motorized vehicle, a two-wheeled motorcycle, a three-wheeled motorcycle, a motorbike or dragging objects on the road.

Article 28. Drivers and Passengers of Two-Wheeled Motorcycles and Motorbikes

1. The driver of a two-wheeled motorcycle or motorbike may carry a maximum of one adult and one child; in case of transporting a patient for emergency treatment or escorting a criminal suspect, two adults may be carried.

2. The requirement for wearing helmets for drivers and passengers of two-wheeled motorcycles, three-wheeled motorcycles, and motorbikes is regulated by the Government.

3. It is prohibited for drivers of two-wheeled motorcycles, three-wheeled motorcycles, and motorbikes to engage in the following behaviors:

a) Riding side by side;

b) Weaving and swerving;

c) Entering pedestrian lanes and other lanes reserved for other vehicles;

d) Using umbrellas or mobile phones;

đ) Using vehicles to pull, push other vehicles or objects, carrying bulky items;

e) Releasing both hands or riding on one wheel for two-wheel vehicles, on two wheels for three-wheel vehicles;

g) Operating vehicles without mufflers and causing environmental pollution;

h) Other behaviors disrupting traffic order and safety.

4. It is prohibited for passengers of two-wheeled motorcycles, three-wheeled motorcycles, and motorbikes to engage in the following behaviors:

a) Carrying bulky items;

b) Using umbrellas;

c) Holding onto, pulling, or pushing other vehicles;

d) Standing on the seat or cargo rack or sitting on the handlebars;

đ) Other behaviors disrupting traffic order and safety.

Article 29. Drivers and passengers on bicycles and drivers of other non-motorized vehicles.

1. When participating in traffic, bicycle drivers must comply with the provisions of Clause 1 and Points a, b, c, d, đ, e, and h of Clause 3 of Article 28 of this Law; passengers on bicycles when participating in traffic must comply with the provisions of Clause 4 of Article 28 of this Law.

2. Drivers of other non-motorized vehicles must drive their vehicles in single file; where there is a designated lane for non-motorized vehicles, they must drive within that lane; at night, they must have warning signals on both the front and rear of the vehicle.

3. Goods loaded on non-motorized vehicles must be secured to ensure safety, not obstructing traffic, and not obscuring the driver's view.

Article 30. Pedestrians

1. Pedestrians must walk on sidewalks or shoulders; in cases where there are no sidewalks or shoulders, pedestrians must walk close to the edge of the road.

2. At locations without traffic lights or pedestrian crosswalks, when crossing the road, pedestrians must observe approaching vehicles to safely cross the road, yield to vehicles traveling on the road, and bear responsibility for ensuring safety while crossing.

3. At locations with traffic lights, pedestrian crosswalks, or pedestrian overpasses/subways, pedestrians must follow the signals and cross the road at those designated positions.

4. On roads with median strips, pedestrians may not cross the median strip.

5. Children under seven years old must be accompanied by an adult when crossing urban streets or streets frequently traversed by motor vehicles.

Article 31. Persons with disabilities and elderly persons participating in traffic.

1. Persons with disabilities using non-motorized wheelchairs may travel on sidewalks and areas with designated pedestrian crosswalks.

2. Blind persons walking on the road must be accompanied or use devices to alert others that they are visually impaired.

3. Everyone has the responsibility to assist persons with disabilities and the elderly when crossing the road.

Article 32. Drivers and guides of animals on public roads.

1. Drivers and guides of animals on public roads must keep the animals close to the edge of the road and ensure cleanliness on the road; in cases where it is necessary to allow the animals to cross the road, they must observe and only allow them to cross when conditions are safe.

2. It is prohibited to drive or guide animals into lanes designated for motor vehicles.

Article 33. Other activities on public roads.

1. The organization of cultural, sports, parade, and festival activities on public roads must be carried out in accordance with the regulations of the Government.

2. Placing advertising signs on land within the safety zone of public roads must be approved in writing by the competent road management authority.

3. The following acts are prohibited:

a) Holding markets on public roads;

b) Gathering large crowds illegally on public roads;

c) Allowing animals to run loose on public roads;

d) Illegally placing materials, waste; drying rice, straw, agricultural products, and other items on public roads;

đ) Placing advertising signs on public road land;

e) Obscuring traffic signs and signals.

Article 34. Use of Urban Streets.

1. The roadway and sidewalks may only be used for traffic purposes; in exceptional cases, temporary use for other purposes may be permitted by the Chairman of the People's Committee of the province, but such use must not affect traffic order and safety. Within 10 working days from the date of receipt of the dossier as mentioned in Sub-clause b, Clause 1, Article 3 above, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will review and submit to the competent authority for decision (Issues exceeding the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' jurisdiction will be referred to the Prime Minister for consideration and decision).2. The following acts are prohibited:

a) Dumping garbage or waste in urban streets outside designated areas;

b) Constructing or placing unauthorized platforms or pedestals on urban streets;

c) Unauthorized removal of manhole covers on urban streets;

d) Any other acts that obstruct traffic.

d) Other acts impeding traffic.

Article 35. Traffic organization and traffic control.

1. Traffic organization includes the following contents:

a) Lanes, traffic flows, routes, and time regulations for persons and types of vehicles participating in traffic;

b) Prohibiting certain sections of roads from being used, setting up one-way streets, prohibiting parking and stopping at certain locations, prohibiting U-turns; installing road signs;

c) Announcing changes to traffic flows, temporary or long-term travel times; implementing rescue measures when accidents occur and other measures related to road travel to ensure smooth and safe traffic.

2. Responsibilities for traffic organization:

a) The Minister of Transport is responsible for organizing traffic on the national highway system;

b) Within 10 working days from the date of receipt of the dossier as mentioned in Sub-clause b, Clause 1, Article 3 above, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will review and submit to the competent authority for decision (Issues exceeding the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' jurisdiction will be referred to the Prime Minister for consideration and decision).y ban nhân dân cấp tỉnh is responsible for organizing road traffic and urban roads within their jurisdiction.

3. Responsibilities of traffic police in traffic control:

a) Commanding and controlling traffic on roads; guiding and compelling participants in traffic to comply with traffic rules;

b) When there is an unexpected situation causing traffic congestion or other necessary requirements for ensuring security and order, temporarily suspending traffic on certain sections of the road, reallocating traffic flows and parking areas.

Article 36. Responsibilities of individuals, agencies, and organizations in case of traffic accidents.

1. Drivers and those directly involved in the accident must have the responsibility:

a) Immediately stop the vehicle; maintain the scene; provide first aid to the injured and must be present when requested by authorized authorities;

b) Stay at the accident site until personnel from the public security agency arrive, except in cases where the driver is also injured and needs immediate medical attention or due to life-threatening circumstances, but must report immediately to the nearest public security agency;

c) Provide accurate information about the accident to the public security agency.

2. Those present at the accident site must have the responsibility:

a) Protect the scene;

b) Promptly assist and treat the injured;

c) Immediately inform the public security agency or the nearest people's committee;

d) Protect the property of the injured;

đ) Provide accurate information about the accident upon request of the public security agency.

3. Other drivers passing through the accident site have the responsibility to transport the injured to receive medical treatment. Priority vehicles and vehicles of entities entitled to preferential rights and diplomatic immunity are not required to comply with this provision.

4. Public security agencies, upon receiving information about the accident, have the responsibility to promptly send personnel to the scene to investigate the accident, coordinate with road management agencies and Within 10 working days from the date of receipt of the dossier as mentioned in Sub-clause b, Clause 1, Article 3 above, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will review and submit to the competent authority for decision (Issues exceeding the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' jurisdiction will be referred to the Prime Minister for consideration and decision).local people's committees to ensure smooth and safe traffic.

5. Within 10 working days from the date of receipt of the dossier as mentioned in Sub-clause b, Clause 1, Article 3 above, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will review and submit to the competent authority for decision (Issues exceeding the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' jurisdiction will be referred to the Prime Minister for consideration and decision).local people's committees where the accident occurred have the responsibility to promptly notify the public security agency to handle the accident; organize assistance and support for the injured, protect the scene, protect the property of the injured; in cases of death, after state agencies with authority have completed the work as prescribed by law and agreed to burial, if the deceased has no trace, no relatives, or relatives unable to bury, the people's committee is responsible for organizing the burial.

6. Prohibit acts that infringe upon the lives and property of the injured and the person causing the accident.

Chapter III

ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE STRUCTURE

Article 37. Road traffic infrastructure structure and classification of roads

1. Road traffic infrastructure structure includes road works, bus stations, parking lots, and road safety zones.

2. The road network consists of national highways, provincial roads, district roads, commune roads, urban roads, and special-purpose roads.

3. Roads are named or numbered and classified into different levels.

4. The Government shall stipulate the classification, naming or numbering of roads, and technical standards for each level of roads.

Article 38. Planning of road traffic infrastructure structure

1. Planning of road traffic infrastructure structure must be based on economic and social development strategies, defense, security needs, and to serve the travel requirements of the people.

2. Urban road traffic infrastructure structure planning is an important part of urban development planning and must be synchronized with underground construction projects and other urban infrastructure engineering works.

Land reserved for constructing urban road traffic infrastructure structure must ensure appropriate ratios to meet long-term transportation development requirements.

3. After approval, the planning of road traffic infrastructure structure must be widely publicized so that the people are aware of it.

The Government shall stipulate the procedures and formalities for establishing, approving, and publicizing the planning of road traffic infrastructure structure.

Article 39. Land scope for roads

1. The land scope for roads includes road land and road safety zone land.

2. Within the land scope for roads, it is strictly prohibited to construct other works except for essential works that cannot be arranged outside this scope.

Temporary use and exploitation of road safety zone land may be allowed but must not affect the safety of the work and road traffic safety.

3. The Government shall specify the land scope for roads, the use and exploitation of road safety zone land, and the construction of essential works within the land scope for roads.

Article 40. Ensuring technical requirements and road traffic safety of road works

New, upgraded, and reconstructed road works must meet technical standards and road traffic safety conditions for all traffic participants, including disabled persons.

Road works must be assessed for road traffic safety from project establishment, design, construction, and throughout the operation period according to the law.

Article 41. Road signaling works

1. Road signaling works include:

a) Traffic signal lights;

b) Signage;

c) Markers, barriers, or protective walls;

d) Road markings;

đ) Mileposts;

e) Other signaling works.

2. Before being put into operation, roads must be fully equipped with road signaling works according to the approved design.

Article 42. Construction of works on operational roads

1. Construction of works on operational roads can only proceed upon obtaining permission from competent state agencies.

2. During construction, the contractor must set up signaling, temporary barriers, and implement measures to ensure safe and smooth traffic flow.

3. Construction of works on urban roads must comply with the provisions of Clause 1 and Clause 2 of this Article and the following provisions:

a) Only excavation for repair of works or construction of new horizontal technical tunnels through roads is allowed, but annual plans must be coordinated with urban road management authorities beforehand, except in cases of emergency;

b) There must be suitable construction plans and times corresponding to the characteristics of each street to avoid traffic congestion;

c) Upon completion of construction, the road section must be restored to its original condition; for underground works, completion records must be prepared and handed over to urban road management authorities.

Article 43. Management and Maintenance of Roadways

1. Roadways put into operation must be managed and maintained with the following contents:

a) Monitoring the condition of road construction works; organizing traffic; inspecting and supervising the protection of road traffic infrastructure structures;

b) Regular maintenance, periodic repairs, and emergency repairs.

2. The responsibility for organizing management and maintenance of roadways is defined as follows:

a) The national highway system is the responsibility of the Ministry of Transport;

b) The provincial road system, urban roads are the responsibility of Within 10 working days from the date of receipt of the dossier as mentioned in Sub-clause b, Clause 1, Article 3 above, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will review and submit to the competent authority for decision (Issues exceeding the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' jurisdiction will be referred to the Prime Minister for consideration and decision).y provincial people's committees. The management and maintenance of the district road system and commune roads are regulated by Within 10 working days from the date of receipt of the dossier as mentioned in Sub-clause b, Clause 1, Article 3 above, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will review and submit to the competent authority for decision (Issues exceeding the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' jurisdiction will be referred to the Prime Minister for consideration and decision).y provincial people's committees;

c) Special-purpose roads, roads constructed without using state budget funds are managed and maintained by the investors.

Article 44. Financial Sources for Roadway Management and Maintenance

1. Financial sources ensuring roadway management and maintenance include:

a) State budget;

b) Other sources of revenue as prescribed by law.

2. The Government shall specify the management and use of financial sources for roadway management and maintenance.

Article 45. Construction of Intersections Between Roadways and Railways

The construction of intersections between roadways and railways must be approved by competent state authorities; designs must meet technical standards and traffic safety conditions approved by competent state authorities.

Article 47. Bus Terminals, Parking Lots, and Parking Areas

1. Bus terminals and parking lots must be constructed according to plans approved by competent state authorities and must comply with technical standards prescribed by the Minister of Transport.

2. In urban areas, the construction of administrative offices, schools, hospitals, commercial service centers, cultural centers, and residential areas must have appropriate parking areas corresponding to the scale of the project.

Article 47.

1. The scope of protection for road traffic infrastructure includes the land of the roadway, the safe traffic corridor of the roadway, the airspace above, the subsurface below ground, and the subsurface below water related to the safety of the structure and road traffic safety.

2. Organizations, individuals have the responsibility to protect road traffic infrastructure; participate in rescue operations to protect road structures.

3. Any person who discovers damage or infringement on road structures or encroachment on the safe traffic corridor must promptly report to the local authority, the road management agency, or the nearest police station for handling; if necessary, immediately take measures to warn road users.

4. Upon receiving reports, responsible agencies must quickly implement remedial measures to ensure smooth and safe traffic.

Chapter IV

ROADWAY TRAFFIC PARTICIPANTS

Article 48. Conditions for Motor Vehicles to Participate in Road Traffic

1. Motor vehicles of the correct type permitted to participate in traffic must meet the following quality, technical safety, and environmental protection standards:

a) Must have an effective braking system.

b) Must have an effective steering system.

c) The steering wheel of the motor vehicle must be on the left side of the vehicle;

d) Must have sufficient near and far headlights, license plate lights, brake lights, signal lights;

đ) Must have tires of the correct size and meeting the technical standards of each type of vehicle;

e) Must ensure visibility for the driver;

g) Windshields and windows must be safety glass;

h) Must have a horn with the correct volume;

i) Must have sufficient mufflers and smoke reducers;

k) Structures must have sufficient durability and ensure stable operational performance.

2. Two-wheeled motorcycles, three-wheeled motorcycles, and attached motorbikes of the correct type permitted to participate in traffic must meet the quality, technical safety, and environmental protection standards specified in points a, b, d, đ, e, h, i, and k of Clause 1 of this Article.

3. Motor vehicles must be registered and display number plates issued by competent state authorities.

4. The Government shall stipulate the service life for various types of commercial transport motor vehicles.

5. The Minister of Transport shall stipulate the types, quality standards, and technical safety standards for motor vehicles permitted to participate in traffic, except for military and police motor vehicles used for defense and security purposes.

Article 49. Issuance and Revocation of Registration and License Plates for Motor Vehicles

1. Motor vehicles with legal origins that meet the quality standards and technical safety requirements as stipulated by this Law shall be issued registration certificates and license plates by competent state authorities.

2. The Minister of Public Security shall prescribe and organize the issuance of registration certificates and license plates for various types of motor vehicles; the Minister of National Defense shall prescribe and organize the issuance of registration certificates and license plates for military motor vehicles used for national defense purposes.

3. The Government shall specify the procedures for revoking registration certificates and license plates for various types of motor vehicles.

Article 50. Ensuring Quality Standards, Technical Safety, and Environmental Protection for Motor Vehicles Participating in Road Traffic

1. The production, assembly, modification, repair, maintenance, and importation of motor vehicles participating in road traffic must comply with regulations on quality standards, technical safety, and environmental protection.

It is prohibited to convert other types of automobiles into passenger-carrying automobiles.

2. Vehicle owners may not alter the structure, assemblies, or systems of their vehicles without adhering to the original design by the manufacturer or the approved modified design by the competent authority.

3. Motor vehicles participating in road traffic must undergo regular technical safety inspections and environmental protection standards checks (hereinafter referred to as inspections).

4. The head of the inspection agency and the person directly conducting the inspection shall be responsible for confirming the results of the inspection.

5. Vehicle owners and automobile drivers bear responsibility for maintaining the technical condition of their vehicles according to prescribed standards between two inspections.

6. The Minister of Transport shall prescribe and organize the inspection of quality, technical safety, and inspections for various types of motor vehicles; the Ministers of National Defense and Public Security shall prescribe and organize inspections for military and police motor vehicles used for national defense and security purposes.

Article 51. Conditions for Participation in Road Traffic for Primitive Vehicles

When participating in traffic, all types of primitive vehicles must ensure road traffic safety conditions.

Based on the resolution of the Provincial People's Council regarding local traffic order and safety requirements, the provincial People's Committee shall specify the safety conditions, operational scope, registration, and issuance of license plates for local primitive vehicles.

Article 52. Conditions for Participation in Road Traffic for Special-Purpose Motorcycles

1. Ensure the following quality standards, technical safety, and environmental protection criteria:

a) Equipped with effective braking systems;

b) Equipped with effective steering systems;

c) Equipped with lighting devices;

d) Ensuring visibility for the driver;

đ) Special-purpose parts must be installed in the correct position, securely, ensuring safety during movement;

e) Equipped with mufflers and smoke reduction devices.

2. Possess registration certificates and license plates issued by competent state authorities.

3. Operate within specified areas, ensuring safety for people, vehicles, and road infrastructure during movement.

4. The production, assembly, modification, repair, and importation of special-purpose motorcycles must comply with regulations on quality standards, technical safety, and environmental protection.

5. Vehicle owners and special-purpose motorcycle operators are responsible for maintaining the technical safety condition and undergoing inspections as required when participating in road traffic.

6. The Minister of Transport shall specify detailed technical safety standards, issue registration certificates and license plates; list categories of special-purpose motorcycles requiring inspections and organize such inspections; the Ministers of National Defense and Public Security shall prescribe and organize the issuance of registration certificates, license plates, and inspections for military and police special-purpose motorcycles used for national defense and security purposes.

Chapter V

OPERATORS OF VEHICLES PARTICIPATING IN ROAD TRAFFIC

Article 53. Conditions for drivers of motor vehicles participating in traffic

1. Drivers participating in traffic must have a driving license appropriate to the type of vehicle they are permitted to operate, issued by a competent state agency.

2. Drivers must ensure their age and health meet the requirements stipulated by this Law.

3. When practicing driving, learners of automobiles must drive training vehicles and be accompanied by an instructor.

Article 54. Driving Licenses

1. Based on the type, engine power, load capacity, and purpose of motor vehicles, driving licenses are divided into unrestricted driving licenses and restricted-term driving licenses.

2. Unrestricted driving licenses include the following categories:

a) Category A1 for driving two-wheeled motorcycles with cylinder capacity from 50 cm³ to under 175 cm³;

b) Category A2 for driving two-wheeled motorcycles with cylinder capacity of 175 cm³ or more and types of vehicles specified for Category A1 driving licenses;

c) Category A3 for driving three-wheeled motorcycles, types of vehicles specified for Category A1 driving licenses, and similar vehicles.

3. Restricted-term driving licenses include the following categories:

a) Category A4 for driving tractors with a maximum load capacity up to 1,000 kg;

b) Category B1 for driving passenger cars up to 9 seats, trucks, and tractors with a maximum load capacity under 3,500 kg;

c) Category B2 for professional drivers operating passenger cars up to 9 seats, trucks, and tractors with a maximum load capacity under 3,500 kg;

d) Category C for driving trucks and tractors with a maximum load capacity of 3,500 kg or more and types of vehicles specified for Categories B1 and B2 driving licenses;

đ) Category D for driving passenger cars from 10 to 30 seats and types of vehicles specified for Categories B1, B2, and C driving licenses;

e) Category E for driving passenger cars over 30 seats and types of vehicles specified for Categories B1, B2, C, and D driving licenses;

g) Category FB2, FC, FD, and FE driving licenses are issued to holders of Category B2, C, D, and E driving licenses respectively, allowing them to drive the types of vehicles specified for these categories when towing trailers.

4. Driving licenses are valid throughout the country.

5. Driving licenses may be temporarily revoked or permanently revoked according to the Government's regulations.

Article 55. Age and Health of Drivers

1. The age requirement for drivers is as follows:

a) Individuals aged 16 years or older may drive motorcycles with cylinder capacity under 50 cm³;

b) Individuals aged 18 years or older may drive two-wheeled motorcycles, three-wheeled motorcycles with cylinder capacity of 50 cm³ or more, and similar structured vehicles; trucks and tractors with a maximum load capacity under 3,500 kg; passenger cars up to 9 seats;

c) Individuals aged 21 years or older may drive trucks and tractors with a maximum load capacity of 3,500 kg or more; taxis; passenger cars from 10 to 30 seats;

d) Individuals aged 25 years or older may drive passenger cars over 30 seats;

đ) The maximum age for driving passenger cars over 30 seats is 50 years old for women and 55 years old for men.

2. Drivers must have physical health suitable for the type and purpose of the vehicle. The Minister of Transport shall coordinate with the Minister of Health to specify the health standards for drivers and to regulate regular health check-ups for automobile drivers.

Article 56. Driver Training and Examination for Issuing Driving Licenses

1. Driver training institutions must implement the content and program specified for each type and category of driving license.

2. Individuals seeking to obtain a driving license of categories B2, C, D, E, and F must undergo concentrated training at a driver training institution.

3. Driver training for upgrading driving license categories shall be conducted in the following cases:

a) Upgrading from category B1 to B2;

b) Upgrading from category B2 to C or D;

c) Upgrading from category C to D or E;

d) Upgrading from category D to E;

đ) Upgrading from categories B2, C, D, E to corresponding categories with trailer towing.

4. Individuals seeking to upgrade their driving licenses, in addition to meeting the conditions stipulated in Clause 3 of this Article, must also have the required time and safe mileage for each category of driving license.

5. Driver training for passenger vehicles with more than ten seats and for towing trailers can only be conducted through upgrading training under the conditions stipulated in Clauses 3 and 4 of this Article.

6. Driver training institutions must meet the conditions regarding classrooms, driving practice fields, training vehicles, teaching staff, textbooks, lesson plans, and must be licensed according to regulations.

7. The examination for issuing automobile driving licenses must be conducted at driving examination centers. These centers must be established according to planning and equipped with sufficient facilities and technical infrastructure to meet the requirements of driving examinations as prescribed.

8. Examiners must hold an examiner card as prescribed and are responsible for the results of the examinations they conduct.

9. Individuals who have completed training and passed the examination will be issued a driving license for the category they have successfully applied for.

In the case of driving licenses with a validity period, before the expiration date, drivers must undergo a health check and complete the procedures as prescribed to renew their driving licenses.

10. The Minister of Transport shall specify the details regarding the content and programs of driver training; examinations and issuance and renewal of driving licenses; the Ministers of National Defense and Public Security shall specify the organization of driver training; examinations and issuance and renewal of driving licenses for military and public security forces performing national defense and security duties.

Article 57. Conditions for Operating Special Purpose Motorcycles on Roads

1. Must possess a certificate of traffic law knowledge and a special purpose motorcycle operation certificate issued by a special purpose motorcycle operator training institution.

2. Must have an appropriate age and health condition suitable for the occupation.

Article 58. Conditions for Operating Non-Motorized Vehicles on Roads

1. Must understand road traffic rules.

2. Must have adequate health to safely operate the vehicle.

Chapter VI

ROAD TRANSPORT

Article 59. Road Transport Activities

Passenger transport and cargo transport by road are conditional activities regulated by law and must be strictly managed to ensure road traffic order and safety.

Article 60. Working Hours for Automobile Drivers

In one day, the working hours of a driver may not exceed ten hours and continuous driving may not exceed four hours.

Article 61. Transporting Passengers by Motor Vehicles

1. Public passenger motor vehicles must operate on designated routes as prescribed by the Minister of Transport.

2. The vehicle owner shall comply with the following regulations:

a) Regulations on passenger transport;

b) Adhere to the approved schedule and route for transportation as approved by the competent state authority;

c) Not to assign the vehicle to drivers who do not meet the required conditions.

3. In addition to complying with the regulations stipulated in Clause 2 of this Article, the driver of a passenger motor vehicle shall also comply with the following regulations:

a) Ensure the safety inspection of the vehicle before departure from the station;

b) Guide passengers to sit in the designated seats;

c) Check the arrangement and securing of luggage and goods to ensure safety;

d) Take measures to protect passengers' property, maintain order inside the vehicle;

đ) Close the doors of the vehicle before and during operation;

e) Pick up and drop off passengers at designated locations;

g) Prohibit the transport of illegal goods;

h) Prohibit carrying people on the roof or allowing them to cling to the outside of the vehicle;

i) Prohibit transporting dangerous goods, goods with foul odors, animals suffering from diseases, or goods that affect passengers' health;

k) Prohibit exceeding the designed load capacity of the vehicle when carrying passengers and luggage;

l) Prohibit placing goods in the passenger compartment.

4. Passengers traveling by motor vehicle shall comply with the following regulations:

a) Follow the driver's instructions regarding compliance with traffic safety regulations;

b) Prohibit carrying prohibited items.

Article 62. Organization and Operation of Passenger Bus Terminals

1. The management board of passenger bus terminals shall perform the following tasks:

a) Organize ticket sales for passengers, arrange buses to enter the terminal to pick up and drop off passengers in an orderly and safe manner;

b) Inspect compliance with regulations on road passenger transport within the terminal;

c) Organize services for inspecting, maintaining, and repairing the vehicle safety system and other services to serve passengers in an orderly and safe manner within the terminal and to ensure traffic safety.

2. The Minister of Transport shall specify the organization and management of the operation of passenger bus terminals.

Article 63. Transporting Goods by Motor Vehicles

1. The transport of goods by motor vehicles shall comply with the following regulations:

a) Goods transported on the vehicle must be neatly arranged and securely fastened;

b) When transporting loose goods, there must be a cover or tarpaulin to prevent spillage.

a) Dumping garbage or waste in urban streets outside designated areas;

a) Exceeding the designed load capacity and the permitted dimensions of the vehicle;

b) Carrying people in the cargo area;

c) Transporting illegal goods.

3. The regulation at point b of Clause 2 of this Article shall not apply in the following cases:

a) Vehicles carrying personnel for disaster prevention and control or emergency tasks; vehicles carrying military personnel for duty; vehicles carrying injured persons for emergency treatment;

b) Vehicles carrying road maintenance workers; training vehicles carrying students for driving practice; vehicles carrying people for parades and some other special cases as specified by the Government.

Article 64. Transporting Oversized and Overweight Cargo

1. Oversized and overweight cargo refers to cargo whose actual size or weight exceeds the permitted limits but cannot be disassembled.

2. The transport of oversized and overweight cargo must use suitable transport vehicles and must have a permit for road use issued by the competent state authority.

3. Vehicles transporting oversized and overweight cargo must travel at the speed specified in the permit and must display signs indicating the size of the cargo, and if necessary, arrange traffic guides to ensure traffic safety.

4. The Minister of Transport shall specify the transport of oversized and overweight cargo.

Article 65. Transport of Hazardous Goods

1. Vehicles transporting hazardous goods must have a permit issued by the competent state agency.

2. Vehicles transporting hazardous goods shall not stop or park in crowded areas or places where danger may easily occur.

3. The Government shall specify the list of hazardous goods, the transportation of such goods, and the authority to issue permits for the transportation of hazardous goods.

Article 66. Road Transport Activities in Urban Areas

1. Buses must run on the designated route, according to the schedule, and stop or park at the prescribed locations.

2. Taxi drivers for passenger and cargo transport must pick up and drop off passengers and cargo as agreed upon between the customer, the consignor, and the driver but must comply with traffic safety regulations.

3. Public cleaning vehicles, trucks carrying waste materials, and bulk material carriers must be fully covered to prevent spillage on streets and other vehicles carrying goods must operate according to the designated routes, scope, and time specified for each type of vehicle.

4. Within 10 working days from the date of receipt of the dossier as mentioned in Sub-clause b, Clause 1, Article 3 above, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will review and submit to the competent authority for decision (Issues exceeding the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' jurisdiction will be referred to the Prime Minister for consideration and decision).Provincial People's Committees shall provide detailed regulations on road transport activities in urban areas.

Article 67. Transport of Passengers and Cargo by Primitive Vehicles, Motorcycles, Two-Wheeled Motorbikes, Three-Wheeled Motorbikes, and Similar Vehicles

The use of primitive vehicles, motorcycles, two-wheeled motorbikes, three-wheeled motorbikes, and similar vehicles for the transport of passengers and cargo must comply with traffic order and safety regulations.

Based on the guidelines of the Minister of Transport, provincial people's committees shall provide specific regulations for the implementation of this Article.

Chapter VII

STATE MANAGEMENT OF ROAD TRAFFIC

Article 68. Contents of State Management of Road Traffic

1. Developing strategies, plans, and investment policies for the development of road traffic infrastructure; building and implementing national programs on traffic safety and measures to ensure smooth and safe road traffic.

2. Issuing and implementing legal documents on road traffic.

3. Promoting, disseminating, and educating the public about road traffic laws.

4. Organizing, managing, maintaining, and protecting road traffic infrastructure.

5. Registering, issuing, and revoking license plates for road traffic vehicles; issuing and revoking certificates of quality, technical safety, and environmental protection for road traffic vehicles.

6. Managing training, testing, and licensing of drivers; issuing, renewing, and revoking driving licenses.

7. Organizing, researching, and applying science and technology in road traffic; training technical staff for road traffic.

8. Inspecting, checking, resolving complaints and reports; handling violations of road traffic laws.

9. International cooperation in road traffic.

Article 69. Responsibilities for State Management of Road Traffic

1. The Government shall uniformly manage state affairs concerning road traffic.

2. The Ministry of Transport shall be responsible before the Government for managing state affairs concerning road traffic.

3. The Ministry of Public Security shall perform state management tasks concerning road traffic as stipulated by this Law and related laws; cooperate with the Ministry of Transport to implement measures ensuring traffic order and safety.

The Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Transport shall be responsible for coordinating in providing data on vehicle registration, accident statistics, and issuance, renewal, and revocation of driving licenses.

4. The Ministry of National Defense shall perform state management tasks concerning road traffic as stipulated by this Law and related laws.

5. Ministries, agencies equivalent to ministries, and government agencies within their respective duties and powers shall cooperate with the Ministry of Transport to manage state affairs concerning road traffic.

6. Within 10 working days from the date of receipt of the dossier as mentioned in Sub-clause b, Clause 1, Article 3 above, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will review and submit to the competent authority for decision (Issues exceeding the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' jurisdiction will be referred to the Prime Minister for consideration and decision).People's Committees at all levels within their respective duties and powers shall organize the implementation of state management of road traffic and shall be responsible for organizing the implementation of measures to ensure traffic order and safety, and protect road traffic infrastructure within their localities.

Article 70. Road Traffic Inspection

1. Road traffic inspection is specialized inspection.

2. Road traffic inspection has the following tasks:

a) Inspect compliance with laws and regulations on protecting road traffic infrastructure, ensuring technical standards for road construction projects and vehicles at static traffic points;

b) Inspect training, examination, issuance, renewal, and revocation of motor vehicle driver's licenses. The inspection of driver training and examination by military and police forces shall be regulated by the Minister of National Defense and the Minister of Public Security respectively;

c) Inspect compliance with laws and regulations on transportation activities at static traffic points.

3. Road traffic inspection has the following powers:

a) Request relevant agencies, organizations, and individuals to provide documents and answer questions necessary for inspection;

b) Draft inspection records and propose measures to resolve issues;

c) Administer administrative penalties according to the provisions of the law.

4. Inspection teams and inspectors must be responsible before the law for their decisions.

5. The Government shall specify the organization and operation of road traffic inspection.

Article 71. Rights and Obligations of the Inspected Object

1. The inspected object has the following rights:

a) Require the inspection team to present the inspection decision, the inspector to present the inspector's card, and comply with the law on inspection;

b) Lodge complaints, file accusations, or initiate lawsuits with competent state agencies regarding the inspection decision, the inspector's actions, and the inspection conclusion when there is evidence that they are not in accordance with the law;

c) Demand compensation for losses caused by improper enforcement measures taken by the inspection team or inspector.

2. The inspected object has the obligation to comply with the inspection team's and inspector's requests, create conditions for inspections to be carried out, and abide by the enforcement decisions made by the inspection team and inspector as stipulated by the law.

Article 72. Patrol and Control by Road Traffic Police

Road traffic police carry out patrols and controls to monitor persons and vehicles participating in road traffic; handle violations of road traffic laws against persons and vehicles participating in road traffic, and bear responsibility before the law for their decisions.

The Minister of Public Security shall specify the tasks and powers of road traffic police in patrols and controls.

Article 73. Right to Complaints, Accusations, and Lawsuits

1. Agencies, organizations, and individuals have the right to complain or sue regarding the decisions or enforcement measures of the inspection team, inspector, or road traffic police as provided by law.

2. Individuals have the right to accuse state agencies with jurisdiction over acts violating road traffic laws.

3. Agencies receiving complaints, accusations, or lawsuits have the responsibility to examine and resolve them promptly in accordance with the law.

Chapter VIII

REWARD AND DISCIPLINARY ACTION FOR VIOLATIONS

Article 74. Awards

Agencies, organizations, and individuals who achieve results in implementing the Road Traffic Law shall be awarded according to the provisions of the law.

Article 75. Handling of violations

1. Any person who commits a violation of this Law shall be subject to administrative sanctions or criminal prosecution depending on the nature, severity of the violation, and the consequences thereof; if damage is caused, compensation must be provided in accordance with the provisions of the law.

2. Any person who abuses their position or authority in road traffic activities to cause inconvenience, harassment, accept bribes, or fail to fully perform their duties thereby causing a loss of road traffic safety shall be subject to disciplinary action or criminal prosecution depending on the nature and severity of the violation; if damage is caused, compensation must be provided in accordance with the provisions of the law.

Chapter IX

IMPLEMENTING PROVISIONS

Article 76. Effective Date

This Law takes effect from January 1, 2002.

All previous provisions contrary to this Law are hereby abolished.

Article 77. Guidance for Implementation

The Government shall promulgate detailed regulations and provide guidance on the implementation of this Law.

This Law was adopted by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at its tenth session, ninth meeting on June 29, 2001./.